Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In September 2023, the Netherlands' road diesel supply was 2,468 kt: 61% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Qatar (9%), Belgium (9%) and India (6%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the United States (20%), Norway (16%) and the United Kingdom (11%), and 23% cannot be traced.
Country
United States502 kt (est. 20%)Norway406 kt (est. 16%)United Kingdom266 kt (est. 11%)Iraq178 kt (est. 7%)Nigeria118 kt (est. 5%)Brazil104 kt (est. 4%)Kazakhstan91 kt (est. 4%)Other crude origins248 kt (est. 10%)Qatar: no crude data233 kt (9%)India: no crude data148 kt (6%)United States: no crude data44 kt (2%)Netherlands: crude origin not reported36 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports27 kt (1%)China: no crude data25 kt (1%)Smaller flows: no crude data24 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported19 kt (<1%)Netherlands (own refineries)1.51 Mt (61%)Qatar233 kt (9%)Belgium223 kt (9%)India148 kt (6%)Germany136 kt (5%)Sweden55 kt (2%)Poland50 kt (2%)United States44 kt (2%)China25 kt (1%)Kuwait24 kt (<1%)Finland18 kt (<1%)Netherlands: road diesel supply2.47 Mt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Netherlands (own refineries)
- Qatar
- Belgium
- India
- Germany
- Sweden
- Poland
- United States
- Other (3)
- United States502 kt (est. 20%)
- Norway406 kt (est. 16%)
- United Kingdom266 kt (est. 11%)
- Iraq178 kt (est. 7%)
- Nigeria118 kt (est. 5%)
- Brazil104 kt (est. 4%)
- Kazakhstan91 kt (est. 4%)
- Other crude origins248 kt (est. 10%)
- Qatar: no crude data233 kt (9%)
- India: no crude data148 kt (6%)
- United States: no crude data44 kt (2%)
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported36 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports27 kt (1%)
- China: no crude data25 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: no crude data24 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported19 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
Crude behind this road diesel, an estimate (Sep 2023)
248.3 thousand tonnes
est. 10% of Netherlands's road diesel supply
less than 0.1 kt reported248 kt estimated
Inferred · medium
Last shipped from
- Netherlands (own refineries)142 kt (est. 57%)
- Belgium43 kt (est. 17%)
- Germany43 kt (est. 17%)
and 2 more in the table above
Source: Fuel Origin fuel-chain look-through (docs/HORMUZ_METHOD.md section 8), built on Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm and nrg_cb_oilm
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Netherlands (own refineries) | Netherlands: road diesel supply | 1,512,155 | 61.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Qatar | Netherlands: road diesel supply | 233,202 | 9.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Belgium | Netherlands: road diesel supply | 223,037 | 9.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| India | Netherlands: road diesel supply | 148,142 | 6.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Germany | Netherlands: road diesel supply | 135,572 | 5.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Sweden | Netherlands: road diesel supply | 55,490 | 2.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Poland | Netherlands: road diesel supply | 49,510 | 2.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| United States | Netherlands: road diesel supply | 43,841 | 1.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| China | Netherlands: road diesel supply | 25,215 | 1.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Kuwait | Netherlands: road diesel supply | 23,967 | 1.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Finland | Netherlands: road diesel supply | 17,740 | 0.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| United States | Netherlands (own refineries) | 432,229 | 28.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands (own refineries) | 264,035 | 17.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Qatar: no crude data | Qatar | 233,202 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands (own refineries) | 215,448 | 14.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Netherlands (own refineries) | 157,874 | 10.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| India: no crude data | India | 148,142 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands (own refineries) | 142,484 | 9.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands (own refineries) | 105,685 | 7.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Netherlands (own refineries) | 93,155 | 6.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands (own refineries) | 53,203 | 3.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Belgium | 48,136 | 21.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United States: no crude data | United States | 43,841 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 43,158 | 19.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Germany | 42,618 | 31.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Netherlands: crude origin not reported | Netherlands (own refineries) | 36,080 | 2.4% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Norway | Sweden | 35,624 | 64.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Netherlands split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium | 32,751 | 14.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Belgium | 31,510 | 14.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Poland | 26,455 | 53.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Poland's road diesel to Netherlands split by Poland's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| China: no crude data | China | 25,215 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United States | Germany | 23,989 | 17.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | Kuwait | 23,967 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 20,948 | 9.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Germany | 20,492 | 15.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Poland | 18,039 | 36.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Poland's road diesel to Netherlands split by Poland's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany | 16,582 | 12.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 15,702 | 7.0% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Iraq | Belgium | 12,663 | 5.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Netherlands (own refineries) | 11,963 | 0.8% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| United Kingdom | Germany | 11,958 | 8.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Finland | 10,943 | 61.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Finland's road diesel to Netherlands split by Finland's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Belgium | 9,101 | 4.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Sweden | 7,215 | 13.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Netherlands split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Germany | 7,183 | 5.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Belgium | 7,091 | 3.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Germany | 5,102 | 3.8% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| United Kingdom | Sweden | 4,729 | 8.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Netherlands split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Sweden | 4,250 | 7.7% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Nigeria | Germany | 3,612 | 2.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Poland | 3,477 | 7.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Poland's road diesel to Netherlands split by Poland's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Germany | 2,620 | 1.9% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Finland | 2,607 | 14.7% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| United States | Finland | 2,128 | 12.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Finland's road diesel to Netherlands split by Finland's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Belgium | 1,976 | 0.9% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Other crude origins | Sweden | 1,965 | 3.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Netherlands split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Sweden | 1,708 | 3.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Netherlands split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Germany | 1,416 | 1.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Finland | 1,399 | 7.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Finland's road diesel to Netherlands split by Finland's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Poland | 842 | 1.7% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| United Kingdom | Poland | 697 | 1.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Poland's road diesel to Netherlands split by Poland's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Finland | 663 | 3.7% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
Source & method
Source Period 2023-09 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2023-09 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Netherlands’s supply of road diesel in 2023-09, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2023-09 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2023-07 to 2023-09.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Qatar: no crude data (233,202 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- India: no crude data (148,142 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- United States: no crude data (43,841 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported (36,080 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (26,740 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- China: no crude data (25,215 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: no crude data (23,967 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (18,985 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.