Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In December 2024, the Netherlands' road diesel supply was 1,509 kt: 56% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Belgium (13%), India (9%) and Kuwait (7%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the United States (20%), Norway (13%) and the United Kingdom (7%), and 32% cannot be traced.
Country
United States302 kt (est. 20%)Norway192 kt (est. 13%)United Kingdom108 kt (est. 7%)Brazil99 kt (est. 7%)Iraq98 kt (est. 7%)Kazakhstan85 kt (est. 6%)Libya37 kt (est. 2%)Other crude origins110 kt (est. 7%)India: no crude data140 kt (9%)Kuwait: no crude data111 kt (7%)United States: no crude data87 kt (6%)Netherlands: crude origin not reported52 kt (3%)Qatar: no crude data30 kt (2%)China: no crude data19 kt (1%)Belgium: crude origin not reported19 kt (1%)Smaller flows: no crude data14 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports2.4 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported2.3 kt (<1%)Netherlands (own refineries)841 kt (56%)Belgium202 kt (13%)India140 kt (9%)Kuwait111 kt (7%)United States87 kt (6%)Qatar30 kt (2%)Germany30 kt (2%)Finland23 kt (2%)China19 kt (1%)United Kingdom14 kt (<1%)Ireland11 kt (<1%)Netherlands: road diesel supply1.51 Mt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Netherlands (own refineries)
- Belgium
- India
- Kuwait
- United States
- Qatar
- Germany
- Finland
- Other (3)
- United States302 kt (est. 20%)
- Norway192 kt (est. 13%)
- United Kingdom108 kt (est. 7%)
- Brazil99 kt (est. 7%)
- Iraq98 kt (est. 7%)
- Kazakhstan85 kt (est. 6%)
- Libya37 kt (est. 2%)
- Other crude origins110 kt (est. 7%)
- India: no crude data140 kt (9%)
- Kuwait: no crude data111 kt (7%)
- United States: no crude data87 kt (6%)
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported52 kt (3%)
- Qatar: no crude data30 kt (2%)
- China: no crude data19 kt (1%)
- Belgium: crude origin not reported19 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: no crude data14 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports2.4 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported2.3 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
Crude behind this road diesel, an estimate (Dec 2024)
109.9 thousand tonnes
est. 7% of Netherlands's road diesel supply
less than 0.1 kt reported110 kt estimated
Inferred · medium
Last shipped from
- Netherlands (own refineries)62 kt (est. 56%)
- Belgium40 kt (est. 37%)
- Germany5.3 kt (est. 5%)
and 1 more in the table above
Source: Fuel Origin fuel-chain look-through (docs/HORMUZ_METHOD.md section 8), built on Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm and nrg_cb_oilm
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Netherlands (own refineries) | Netherlands: road diesel supply | 841,385 | 55.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Belgium | Netherlands: road diesel supply | 202,143 | 13.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| India | Netherlands: road diesel supply | 140,101 | 9.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Kuwait | Netherlands: road diesel supply | 110,711 | 7.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| United States | Netherlands: road diesel supply | 86,611 | 5.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Qatar | Netherlands: road diesel supply | 30,293 | 2.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Germany | Netherlands: road diesel supply | 29,609 | 2.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Finland | Netherlands: road diesel supply | 23,269 | 1.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| China | Netherlands: road diesel supply | 19,183 | 1.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands: road diesel supply | 13,911 | 0.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Ireland | Netherlands: road diesel supply | 11,300 | 0.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| United States | Netherlands (own refineries) | 246,419 | 29.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| India: no crude data | India | 140,101 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Norway | Netherlands (own refineries) | 126,354 | 15.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Kuwait: no crude data | Kuwait | 110,711 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Brazil | Netherlands (own refineries) | 88,955 | 10.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Netherlands (own refineries) | 88,263 | 10.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| United States: no crude data | United States | 86,611 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands (own refineries) | 85,952 | 10.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands (own refineries) | 64,125 | 7.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands (own refineries) | 61,861 | 7.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Netherlands: crude origin not reported | Netherlands (own refineries) | 52,095 | 6.2% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Norway | Belgium | 41,276 | 20.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium | 41,194 | 20.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 40,346 | 20.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Qatar: no crude data | Qatar | 30,293 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Libya | Netherlands (own refineries) | 27,360 | 3.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| China: no crude data | China | 19,183 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Norway | Finland | 19,176 | 82.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Finland's road diesel to Netherlands split by Finland's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Belgium: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 18,500 | 9.2% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 16,807 | 8.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Belgium | 15,848 | 7.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | United Kingdom | 13,911 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Brazil | Belgium | 10,335 | 5.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Belgium | 8,921 | 4.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Ireland | 8,883 | 78.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Ireland's road diesel to Netherlands split by Ireland's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Belgium | 7,333 | 3.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Germany | 5,632 | 19.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Germany | 5,281 | 17.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Germany | 4,826 | 16.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany | 3,949 | 13.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Finland | 3,077 | 13.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Finland's road diesel to Netherlands split by Finland's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Germany | 2,782 | 9.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Germany | 2,658 | 9.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Ireland | 2,417 | 21.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Ireland's road diesel to Netherlands split by Ireland's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Germany | 2,299 | 7.8% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Belgium | 1,583 | 0.8% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Iraq | Germany | 1,227 | 4.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Finland | 1,017 | 4.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Finland's road diesel to Netherlands split by Finland's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Germany | 778 | 2.6% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Brazil | Germany | 177 | 0.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
Source & method
Source Period 2024-12 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2024-12 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Netherlands’s supply of road diesel in 2024-12, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2024-12 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2024-10 to 2024-12.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- India: no crude data (140,101 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Kuwait: no crude data (110,711 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- United States: no crude data (86,611 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported (52,095 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Qatar: no crude data (30,293 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- China: no crude data (19,183 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Belgium: crude origin not reported (18,500 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: no crude data (13,911 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (2,361 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (2,299 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.