Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In September 2025, the Netherlands' road diesel supply was 1,757 kt: 66% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Belgium (18%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Norway (21%), the United States (17%) and Kazakhstan (14%), and 8% cannot be traced.
Country
Norway371 kt (est. 21%)United States303 kt (est. 17%)Kazakhstan247 kt (est. 14%)Brazil139 kt (est. 8%)United Kingdom125 kt (est. 7%)Nigeria97 kt (est. 6%)Iraq85 kt (est. 5%)Other crude origins243 kt (est. 14%)Netherlands: crude origin not reported71 kt (4%)United Kingdom: no crude data39 kt (2%)Belgium: crude origin not reported25 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported6.5 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports4.7 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: no crude dataless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Netherlands (own refineries)1.15 Mt (66%)Belgium321 kt (18%)Germany87 kt (5%)Sweden78 kt (4%)Spain75 kt (4%)United Kingdom39 kt (2%)Denmark1.8 kt (<1%)Portugal1.1 kt (<1%)France0.6 kt (<1%)United Statesless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Netherlands: road diesel supply1.76 Mt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Netherlands (own refineries)
- Belgium
- Germany
- Sweden
- Spain
- United Kingdom
- Denmark
- Portugal
- Other (2)
- Norway371 kt (est. 21%)
- United States303 kt (est. 17%)
- Kazakhstan247 kt (est. 14%)
- Brazil139 kt (est. 8%)
- United Kingdom125 kt (est. 7%)
- Nigeria97 kt (est. 6%)
- Iraq85 kt (est. 5%)
- Other crude origins243 kt (est. 14%)
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported71 kt (4%)
- United Kingdom: no crude data39 kt (2%)
- Belgium: crude origin not reported25 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported6.5 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports4.7 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: no crude dataless than 0.1 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
Road diesel supplied (Sep 2025)
87.1 thousand tonnes
5% of Netherlands's road diesel supply
Official
Crude behind it (estimate)
- Other crude origins26 kt (est. 29%)
- Kazakhstan12 kt (est. 14%)
- United States12 kt (est. 13%)
and 6 more in the table above
Source: Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis); Fuel Origin fuel-chain look-through (docs/HORMUZ_METHOD.md section 8), built on Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm and nrg_cb_oilm
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Netherlands (own refineries) | Netherlands: road diesel supply | 1,153,650 | 65.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Belgium | Netherlands: road diesel supply | 321,271 | 18.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Germany | Netherlands: road diesel supply | 87,124 | 5.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Sweden | Netherlands: road diesel supply | 77,684 | 4.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Spain | Netherlands: road diesel supply | 74,778 | 4.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands: road diesel supply | 39,265 | 2.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Denmark | Netherlands: road diesel supply | 1,830 | 0.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Norway | Netherlands (own refineries) | 236,706 | 20.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Netherlands (own refineries) | 225,917 | 19.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands (own refineries) | 172,835 | 15.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Netherlands (own refineries) | 110,531 | 9.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands (own refineries) | 102,425 | 8.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands (own refineries) | 94,018 | 8.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Belgium | 73,943 | 23.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Netherlands (own refineries) | 73,085 | 6.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Netherlands: crude origin not reported | Netherlands (own refineries) | 71,331 | 6.2% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 69,082 | 21.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands (own refineries) | 66,802 | 5.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 59,879 | 18.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Sweden | 47,496 | 61.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Netherlands split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium | 40,370 | 12.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom: no crude data | United Kingdom | 39,265 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Other crude origins | Spain | 37,725 | 50.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Germany | 25,697 | 29.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Belgium: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 24,727 | 7.7% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Brazil | Belgium | 18,975 | 5.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Belgium | 14,581 | 4.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Belgium | 13,906 | 4.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Sweden | 12,518 | 16.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Netherlands split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Spain | 12,294 | 16.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany | 12,261 | 14.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Germany | 11,579 | 13.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Germany | 11,390 | 13.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Spain | 9,365 | 12.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Spain | 8,316 | 11.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Germany | 8,102 | 9.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Sweden | 7,644 | 9.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Netherlands split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Sweden | 7,464 | 9.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Netherlands split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Germany | 6,474 | 7.4% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Iraq | Germany | 5,097 | 5.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Germany | 3,955 | 4.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Belgium | 3,719 | 1.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Spain | 3,436 | 4.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Sweden | 2,561 | 3.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Netherlands split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Spain | 2,402 | 3.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Belgium | 2,089 | 0.7% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Germany | 2,052 | 2.4% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Norway | Spain | 672 | 0.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Spain | 566 | 0.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Portugal | 562 | 50.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's road diesel to Netherlands split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Denmark | 536 | 29.3% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Norway | Denmark | 522 | 28.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Denmark's road diesel to Netherlands split by Denmark's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Germany | 516 | 0.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Denmark | 511 | 27.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Denmark's road diesel to Netherlands split by Denmark's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Portugal | 289 | 26.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's road diesel to Netherlands split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Denmark | 261 | 14.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Denmark's road diesel to Netherlands split by Denmark's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Portugal | 174 | 15.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's road diesel to Netherlands split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | France | 154 | 26.0% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | France | 139 | 23.4% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | France | 98 | 16.6% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Portugal | 74 | 6.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's road diesel to Netherlands split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | France | 57 | 9.6% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | France | 55 | 9.4% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | France | 44 | 7.4% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | France | 22 | 3.8% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | France | 13 | 2.3% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Portugal | 13 | 1.1% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| United Kingdom | France | 7 | 1.1% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | France | 3 | 0.5% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | United States | 3 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
3 flows with a share under 0.1% are not listed here. They are still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2025-09 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2025-09 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Netherlands’s supply of road diesel in 2025-09, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2025-09 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2025-07 to 2025-09.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported (71,331 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- United Kingdom: no crude data (39,265 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Belgium: crude origin not reported (24,727 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (6,477 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (4,703 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: no crude data (3 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.