Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In February 2026, the Netherlands' road diesel supply was 2,085 kt: 64% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Belgium (23%) and Germany (10%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Norway (23%), the United States (23%) and Kazakhstan (9%), and 6% cannot be traced.
Country
Norway483 kt (est. 23%)United States483 kt (est. 23%)Kazakhstan179 kt (est. 9%)United Kingdom150 kt (est. 7%)Nigeria132 kt (est. 6%)Iraq112 kt (est. 5%)Brazil109 kt (est. 5%)Other crude origins313 kt (est. 15%)Netherlands: crude origin not reported96 kt (5%)Smaller flows: no crude data12 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports10.0 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported6.9 kt (<1%)Netherlands (own refineries)1.33 Mt (64%)Belgium483 kt (23%)Germany202 kt (10%)Spain38 kt (2%)Sweden14 kt (<1%)Norway12 kt (<1%)Portugal5.5 kt (<1%)Denmark4.2 kt (<1%)United Kingdomless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Netherlands: road diesel supply2.09 Mt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Netherlands (own refineries)
- Belgium
- Germany
- Spain
- Sweden
- Norway
- Portugal
- Denmark
- Other (1)
- Norway483 kt (est. 23%)
- United States483 kt (est. 23%)
- Kazakhstan179 kt (est. 9%)
- United Kingdom150 kt (est. 7%)
- Nigeria132 kt (est. 6%)
- Iraq112 kt (est. 5%)
- Brazil109 kt (est. 5%)
- Other crude origins313 kt (est. 15%)
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported96 kt (5%)
- Smaller flows: no crude data12 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports10.0 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported6.9 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
Crude behind this road diesel, an estimate (Feb 2026)
483.4 thousand tonnes
est. 23% of Netherlands's road diesel supply
less than 0.1 kt reported483 kt estimated
Inferred · medium
Last shipped from
- Netherlands (own refineries)285 kt (est. 59%)
- Belgium158 kt (est. 33%)
- Germany31 kt (est. 6%)
and 3 more in the table above
Source: Fuel Origin fuel-chain look-through (docs/HORMUZ_METHOD.md section 8), built on Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm and nrg_cb_oilm
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Netherlands (own refineries) | Netherlands: road diesel supply | 1,327,201 | 63.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Belgium | Netherlands: road diesel supply | 483,261 | 23.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Germany | Netherlands: road diesel supply | 201,620 | 9.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Spain | Netherlands: road diesel supply | 38,153 | 1.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Sweden | Netherlands: road diesel supply | 13,607 | 0.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Norway | Netherlands: road diesel supply | 11,847 | 0.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Portugal | Netherlands: road diesel supply | 5,506 | 0.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Denmark | Netherlands: road diesel supply | 4,242 | 0.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| United States | Netherlands (own refineries) | 336,523 | 25.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands (own refineries) | 284,974 | 21.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Belgium | 158,386 | 32.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands (own refineries) | 135,403 | 10.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands (own refineries) | 105,813 | 8.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands (own refineries) | 105,537 | 8.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium | 103,914 | 21.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 96,659 | 20.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Netherlands: crude origin not reported | Netherlands (own refineries) | 96,256 | 7.3% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Iraq | Netherlands (own refineries) | 90,409 | 6.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Netherlands (own refineries) | 89,526 | 6.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands (own refineries) | 82,759 | 6.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Germany | 59,730 | 29.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 42,135 | 8.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Belgium | 36,703 | 7.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Germany | 32,404 | 16.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Germany | 30,558 | 15.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany | 30,059 | 14.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Germany | 22,311 | 11.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Belgium | 19,819 | 4.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Spain | 18,481 | 48.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Belgium | 15,293 | 3.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | Norway | 11,847 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Brazil | Belgium | 9,202 | 1.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Sweden | 7,615 | 56.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Netherlands split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Germany | 6,955 | 3.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Germany | 6,919 | 3.4% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Germany | 6,004 | 3.0% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| United States | Spain | 5,660 | 14.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Spain | 5,163 | 13.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Spain | 3,647 | 9.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Germany | 3,447 | 1.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Germany | 3,233 | 1.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Sweden | 3,030 | 22.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Netherlands split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Spain | 3,022 | 7.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Portugal | 2,933 | 53.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's road diesel to Netherlands split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Portugal | 2,043 | 37.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's road diesel to Netherlands split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Denmark | 1,764 | 41.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Denmark's road diesel to Netherlands split by Denmark's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Spain | 1,570 | 4.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Sweden | 1,548 | 11.4% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| United Kingdom | Sweden | 1,414 | 10.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Netherlands split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Denmark | 1,219 | 28.7% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Belgium | 1,151 | 0.2% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| United States | Denmark | 955 | 22.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Denmark's road diesel to Netherlands split by Denmark's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Portugal | 489 | 8.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's road diesel to Netherlands split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Spain | 468 | 1.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Denmark | 228 | 5.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Denmark's road diesel to Netherlands split by Denmark's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Spain | 143 | 0.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Denmark | 76 | 1.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Denmark's road diesel to Netherlands split by Denmark's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | United Kingdom | 45 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Portugal | 41 | 0.8% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
One flow with a share under 0.1% is not listed here. It is still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2026-02 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2026-02 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Netherlands’s supply of road diesel in 2026-02, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2026-02 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2025-12 to 2026-02.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported (96,256 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: no crude data (11,892 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (9,963 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (6,919 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.