Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In April 2024, the Netherlands' road diesel supply was 1,739 kt: 53% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from India (16%), Belgium (10%) and Qatar (8%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the United States (17%), Norway (9%) and Kazakhstan (8%), and 38% cannot be traced.
Country
United States291 kt (est. 17%)Norway158 kt (est. 9%)Kazakhstan135 kt (est. 8%)Saudi Arabia115 kt (est. 7%)Brazil76 kt (est. 4%)Iraq74 kt (est. 4%)United Kingdom72 kt (est. 4%)Other crude origins155 kt (est. 9%)India: no crude data287 kt (16%)Qatar: no crude data133 kt (8%)Netherlands: crude origin not reported70 kt (4%)Kuwait: no crude data62 kt (4%)Oman: no crude data28 kt (2%)United Kingdom: no crude data21 kt (1%)Iraq: no crude data21 kt (1%)United States: no crude data21 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported20 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.3 kt (<1%)Netherlands (own refineries)915 kt (53%)India287 kt (16%)Belgium168 kt (10%)Qatar133 kt (8%)Kuwait62 kt (4%)Spain52 kt (3%)Germany32 kt (2%)Oman28 kt (2%)United Kingdom21 kt (1%)Iraq21 kt (1%)United States21 kt (1%)Netherlands: road diesel supply1.74 Mt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- United States291 kt (est. 17%)
- Norway158 kt (est. 9%)
- Kazakhstan135 kt (est. 8%)
- Saudi Arabia115 kt (est. 7%)
- Brazil76 kt (est. 4%)
- Iraq74 kt (est. 4%)
- United Kingdom72 kt (est. 4%)
- Other crude origins155 kt (est. 9%)
- India: no crude data287 kt (16%)
- Qatar: no crude data133 kt (8%)
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported70 kt (4%)
- Kuwait: no crude data62 kt (4%)
- Oman: no crude data28 kt (2%)
- United Kingdom: no crude data21 kt (1%)
- Iraq: no crude data21 kt (1%)
- United States: no crude data21 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported20 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.3 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
Crude behind this road diesel, an estimate (Apr 2024)
21.2 thousand tonnes
1% of Netherlands's road diesel supply
Unknown
Last shipped from
- United Kingdom21 kt (100%)
Source: Fuel Origin fuel-chain look-through (docs/HORMUZ_METHOD.md section 8), built on Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm and nrg_cb_oilm
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Netherlands (own refineries) | Netherlands: road diesel supply | 915,454 | 52.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| India | Netherlands: road diesel supply | 286,610 | 16.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Belgium | Netherlands: road diesel supply | 168,051 | 9.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Qatar | Netherlands: road diesel supply | 133,360 | 7.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Kuwait | Netherlands: road diesel supply | 61,783 | 3.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Spain | Netherlands: road diesel supply | 51,701 | 3.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Germany | Netherlands: road diesel supply | 31,702 | 1.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Oman | Netherlands: road diesel supply | 27,842 | 1.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands: road diesel supply | 21,199 | 1.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Iraq | Netherlands: road diesel supply | 20,807 | 1.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| United States | Netherlands: road diesel supply | 20,806 | 1.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| India: no crude data | India | 286,610 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United States | Netherlands (own refineries) | 245,729 | 26.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Qatar: no crude data | Qatar | 133,360 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Norway | Netherlands (own refineries) | 127,417 | 13.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands (own refineries) | 105,944 | 11.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Netherlands (own refineries) | 89,511 | 9.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands (own refineries) | 84,308 | 9.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Netherlands: crude origin not reported | Netherlands (own refineries) | 70,214 | 7.7% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Iraq | Netherlands (own refineries) | 66,812 | 7.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands (own refineries) | 63,918 | 7.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Kuwait: no crude data | Kuwait | 61,783 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Brazil | Netherlands (own refineries) | 61,600 | 6.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 38,076 | 22.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium | 30,482 | 18.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Oman: no crude data | Oman | 27,842 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Other crude origins | Spain | 26,124 | 50.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Belgium | 24,193 | 14.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 21,679 | 12.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Belgium | 21,612 | 12.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom: no crude data | United Kingdom | 21,199 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Iraq: no crude data | Iraq | 20,807 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United States: no crude data | United States | 20,806 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 15,046 | 9.0% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United States | Spain | 8,968 | 17.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Belgium | 7,057 | 4.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Spain | 6,918 | 13.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Germany | 6,528 | 20.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Germany | 5,879 | 18.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Germany | 5,828 | 18.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Belgium | 5,287 | 3.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Belgium | 4,618 | 2.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany | 4,561 | 14.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Spain | 3,272 | 6.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Germany | 3,120 | 9.8% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United Kingdom | Germany | 3,000 | 9.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Spain | 2,500 | 4.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Spain | 1,564 | 3.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Germany | 1,500 | 4.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Spain | 1,334 | 2.6% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Norway | Spain | 1,021 | 2.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Germany | 763 | 2.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Germany | 339 | 1.1% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Brazil | Germany | 185 | 0.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
Source & method
Source Period 2024-04 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2024-04 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Netherlands’s supply of road diesel in 2024-04, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2024-04 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2024-02 to 2024-04.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- India: no crude data (286,610 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Qatar: no crude data (133,360 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported (70,214 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Kuwait: no crude data (61,783 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Oman: no crude data (27,842 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- United Kingdom: no crude data (21,199 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Iraq: no crude data (20,807 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- United States: no crude data (20,806 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (19,501 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (339 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.