Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In November 2023, the Netherlands' road diesel supply was 2,058 kt: 64% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from India (11%), Germany (9%) and Belgium (6%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the United States (21%), Norway (11%) and the United Kingdom (9%), and 25% cannot be traced.
Country
United States426 kt (est. 21%)Norway229 kt (est. 11%)United Kingdom179 kt (est. 9%)Iraq174 kt (est. 8%)Nigeria162 kt (est. 8%)Brazil118 kt (est. 6%)Kazakhstan86 kt (est. 4%)Other crude origins178 kt (est. 9%)India: no crude data230 kt (11%)Qatar: no crude data73 kt (4%)Netherlands: crude origin not reported64 kt (3%)China: no crude data50 kt (2%)United States: no crude data30 kt (1%)United Kingdom: no crude data23 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported18 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: no crude data12 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports7.3 kt (<1%)Netherlands (own refineries)1.31 Mt (64%)India230 kt (11%)Germany181 kt (9%)Belgium120 kt (6%)Qatar73 kt (4%)China50 kt (2%)United States30 kt (1%)United Kingdom23 kt (1%)Finland16 kt (<1%)Kuwait12 kt (<1%)Sweden9.8 kt (<1%)Netherlands: road diesel supply2.06 Mt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Netherlands (own refineries)
- India
- Germany
- Belgium
- Qatar
- China
- United States
- United Kingdom
- Other (3)
- United States426 kt (est. 21%)
- Norway229 kt (est. 11%)
- United Kingdom179 kt (est. 9%)
- Iraq174 kt (est. 8%)
- Nigeria162 kt (est. 8%)
- Brazil118 kt (est. 6%)
- Kazakhstan86 kt (est. 4%)
- Other crude origins178 kt (est. 9%)
- India: no crude data230 kt (11%)
- Qatar: no crude data73 kt (4%)
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported64 kt (3%)
- China: no crude data50 kt (2%)
- United States: no crude data30 kt (1%)
- United Kingdom: no crude data23 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported18 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: no crude data12 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports7.3 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
Crude behind this road diesel, an estimate (Nov 2023)
229.6 thousand tonnes
11% of Netherlands's road diesel supply
Unknown
Last shipped from
- India230 kt (100%)
Source: Fuel Origin fuel-chain look-through (docs/HORMUZ_METHOD.md section 8), built on Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm and nrg_cb_oilm
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Netherlands (own refineries) | Netherlands: road diesel supply | 1,314,962 | 63.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| India | Netherlands: road diesel supply | 229,620 | 11.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Germany | Netherlands: road diesel supply | 180,682 | 8.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Belgium | Netherlands: road diesel supply | 119,690 | 5.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Qatar | Netherlands: road diesel supply | 73,099 | 3.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| China | Netherlands: road diesel supply | 49,988 | 2.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| United States | Netherlands: road diesel supply | 29,752 | 1.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands: road diesel supply | 22,893 | 1.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Finland | Netherlands: road diesel supply | 15,879 | 0.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Kuwait | Netherlands: road diesel supply | 11,758 | 0.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Sweden | Netherlands: road diesel supply | 9,760 | 0.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| United States | Netherlands (own refineries) | 365,179 | 27.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| India: no crude data | India | 229,620 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Norway | Netherlands (own refineries) | 167,751 | 12.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Netherlands (own refineries) | 154,728 | 11.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands (own refineries) | 150,942 | 11.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands (own refineries) | 143,176 | 10.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Netherlands (own refineries) | 107,159 | 8.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands (own refineries) | 102,700 | 7.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Qatar: no crude data | Qatar | 73,099 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Netherlands: crude origin not reported | Netherlands (own refineries) | 64,164 | 4.9% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands (own refineries) | 59,165 | 4.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Germany | 54,258 | 30.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| China: no crude data | China | 49,988 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United States | Germany | 34,261 | 19.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| United States: no crude data | United States | 29,752 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Norway | Germany | 25,654 | 14.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium | 23,855 | 19.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom: no crude data | United Kingdom | 22,893 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 20,414 | 17.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany | 19,338 | 10.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Belgium | 18,266 | 15.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Belgium | 13,473 | 11.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Germany | 12,529 | 6.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | Kuwait | 11,758 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Norway | Finland | 11,676 | 73.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Finland's road diesel to Netherlands split by Finland's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Germany | 10,715 | 5.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Belgium | 9,987 | 8.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 9,192 | 7.7% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Iraq | Belgium | 8,745 | 7.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Germany | 8,507 | 4.7% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Brazil | Belgium | 8,322 | 7.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Germany | 8,094 | 4.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 7,437 | 6.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Sweden | 5,787 | 59.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Netherlands split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Germany | 5,558 | 3.1% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Brazil | Germany | 1,769 | 1.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Sweden | 1,731 | 17.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Netherlands split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Finland | 1,712 | 10.8% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| United States | Finland | 1,356 | 8.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Finland's road diesel to Netherlands split by Finland's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Sweden | 1,028 | 10.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Netherlands split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Sweden | 679 | 7.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Netherlands split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Finland | 651 | 4.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Finland's road diesel to Netherlands split by Finland's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Finland | 483 | 3.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Finland's road diesel to Netherlands split by Finland's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Sweden | 414 | 4.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Netherlands split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Sweden | 120 | 1.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Netherlands split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
Source & method
Source Period 2023-11 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2023-11 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Netherlands’s supply of road diesel in 2023-11, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2023-11 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2023-09 to 2023-11.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- India: no crude data (229,620 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Qatar: no crude data (73,099 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported (64,164 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- China: no crude data (49,988 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- United States: no crude data (29,752 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- United Kingdom: no crude data (22,893 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (17,699 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: no crude data (11,758 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (7,270 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.