Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In September 2024, the Netherlands' road diesel supply was 2,282 kt: 66% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Belgium (11%), Saudi Arabia (6%) and the United Arab Emirates (5%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the United States (15%), Norway (14%) and Kazakhstan (9%), and 30% cannot be traced.
Country
United States351 kt (est. 15%)Norway326 kt (est. 14%)Kazakhstan208 kt (est. 9%)Brazil158 kt (est. 7%)United Kingdom150 kt (est. 7%)Iraq142 kt (est. 6%)Nigeria105 kt (est. 5%)Other crude origins156 kt (est. 7%)Saudi Arabia: no crude data137 kt (6%)Netherlands: crude origin not reported123 kt (5%)United Arab Emirates: no crude data122 kt (5%)United States: no crude data96 kt (4%)Qatar: no crude data46 kt (2%)Türkiye: no crude data35 kt (2%)Belgium: crude origin not reported30 kt (1%)Singapore: no crude data30 kt (1%)Oman: no crude data24 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports22 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: no crude data20 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported1.7 kt (<1%)Netherlands (own refineries)1.51 Mt (66%)Belgium241 kt (11%)Saudi Arabia137 kt (6%)United Arab Emirates122 kt (5%)United States96 kt (4%)Qatar46 kt (2%)Türkiye35 kt (2%)Singapore30 kt (1%)Germany27 kt (1%)Oman24 kt (1%)Iraq20 kt (<1%)Netherlands: road diesel supply2.28 Mt (100%)
Tap a country to follow its flows. Tap it again, or use the close button, to clear.
Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Netherlands (own refineries)
- Belgium
- Saudi Arabia
- United Arab Emirates
- United States
- Qatar
- Türkiye
- Singapore
- Other (3)
- United States351 kt (est. 15%)
- Norway326 kt (est. 14%)
- Kazakhstan208 kt (est. 9%)
- Brazil158 kt (est. 7%)
- United Kingdom150 kt (est. 7%)
- Iraq142 kt (est. 6%)
- Nigeria105 kt (est. 5%)
- Other crude origins156 kt (est. 7%)
- Saudi Arabia: no crude data137 kt (6%)
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported123 kt (5%)
- United Arab Emirates: no crude data122 kt (5%)
- United States: no crude data96 kt (4%)
- Qatar: no crude data46 kt (2%)
- Türkiye: no crude data35 kt (2%)
- Belgium: crude origin not reported30 kt (1%)
- Singapore: no crude data30 kt (1%)
- Oman: no crude data24 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports22 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: no crude data20 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported1.7 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
Crude behind this road diesel, an estimate (Sep 2024)
29.8 thousand tonnes
1% of Netherlands's road diesel supply
Unknown
Last shipped from
- Singapore30 kt (100%)
Source: Fuel Origin fuel-chain look-through (docs/HORMUZ_METHOD.md section 8), built on Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm and nrg_cb_oilm
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Netherlands (own refineries) | Netherlands: road diesel supply | 1,505,171 | 65.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Belgium | Netherlands: road diesel supply | 240,941 | 10.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Saudi Arabia | Netherlands: road diesel supply | 136,944 | 6.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| United Arab Emirates | Netherlands: road diesel supply | 122,029 | 5.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| United States | Netherlands: road diesel supply | 96,337 | 4.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Qatar | Netherlands: road diesel supply | 46,113 | 2.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Türkiye | Netherlands: road diesel supply | 34,668 | 1.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Singapore | Netherlands: road diesel supply | 29,760 | 1.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Germany | Netherlands: road diesel supply | 26,553 | 1.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Oman | Netherlands: road diesel supply | 23,858 | 1.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Iraq | Netherlands: road diesel supply | 20,003 | 0.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| United States | Netherlands (own refineries) | 312,718 | 20.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands (own refineries) | 267,130 | 17.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands (own refineries) | 173,959 | 11.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Netherlands (own refineries) | 137,696 | 9.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia: no crude data | Saudi Arabia | 136,944 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands (own refineries) | 131,317 | 8.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Netherlands (own refineries) | 130,655 | 8.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Netherlands: crude origin not reported | Netherlands (own refineries) | 123,154 | 8.2% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United Arab Emirates: no crude data | United Arab Emirates | 122,029 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands (own refineries) | 120,277 | 8.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United States: no crude data | United States | 96,337 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands (own refineries) | 87,667 | 5.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Belgium | 53,634 | 22.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Qatar: no crude data | Qatar | 46,113 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Türkiye: no crude data | Türkiye | 34,668 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United States | Belgium | 33,661 | 14.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 31,117 | 12.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Belgium: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 29,869 | 12.4% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Singapore: no crude data | Singapore | 29,760 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 28,895 | 12.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Oman: no crude data | Oman | 23,858 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Netherlands (own refineries) | 20,598 | 1.4% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Brazil | Belgium | 20,496 | 8.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | Iraq | 20,003 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Nigeria | Belgium | 16,729 | 6.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Belgium | 16,397 | 6.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Belgium | 9,797 | 4.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Germany | 6,808 | 25.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Germany | 4,746 | 17.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Germany | 4,234 | 15.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany | 3,106 | 11.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Germany | 2,231 | 8.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Germany | 1,733 | 6.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Germany | 1,671 | 6.3% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Nigeria | Germany | 1,021 | 3.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Germany | 788 | 3.0% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Belgium | 348 | 0.1% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Brazil | Germany | 215 | 0.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
Source & method
Source Period 2024-09 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2024-09 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Netherlands’s supply of road diesel in 2024-09, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2024-09 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2024-07 to 2024-09.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Saudi Arabia: no crude data (136,944 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported (123,154 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- United Arab Emirates: no crude data (122,029 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- United States: no crude data (96,337 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Qatar: no crude data (46,113 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Türkiye: no crude data (34,668 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Belgium: crude origin not reported (29,869 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Singapore: no crude data (29,760 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Oman: no crude data (23,858 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (21,734 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: no crude data (20,003 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (1,671 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.