Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In June 2025, the Netherlands' road diesel supply was 1,641 kt: 56% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Belgium (11%), India (11%) and Qatar (5%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the United States (15%), Norway (13%) and Kazakhstan (9%), and 33% cannot be traced.
Country
United States242 kt (est. 15%)Norway206 kt (est. 13%)Kazakhstan149 kt (est. 9%)United Kingdom116 kt (est. 7%)Iraq80 kt (est. 5%)Brazil76 kt (est. 5%)Canada53 kt (est. 3%)Other crude origins170 kt (est. 10%)India: no crude data187 kt (11%)Qatar: no crude data82 kt (5%)Netherlands: crude origin not reported70 kt (4%)China: no crude data51 kt (3%)Singapore: no crude data46 kt (3%)United States: no crude data42 kt (3%)Bahrain: no crude data32 kt (2%)Iraq: no crude data32 kt (2%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported4.8 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.4 kt (<1%)Netherlands (own refineries)912 kt (56%)Belgium188 kt (11%)India187 kt (11%)Qatar82 kt (5%)China51 kt (3%)Singapore46 kt (3%)United States42 kt (3%)Spain37 kt (2%)Germany32 kt (2%)Bahrain32 kt (2%)Iraq32 kt (2%)Netherlands: road diesel supply1.64 Mt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Netherlands (own refineries)
- Belgium
- India
- Qatar
- China
- Singapore
- United States
- Spain
- Other (3)
- United States242 kt (est. 15%)
- Norway206 kt (est. 13%)
- Kazakhstan149 kt (est. 9%)
- United Kingdom116 kt (est. 7%)
- Iraq80 kt (est. 5%)
- Brazil76 kt (est. 5%)
- Canada53 kt (est. 3%)
- Other crude origins170 kt (est. 10%)
- India: no crude data187 kt (11%)
- Qatar: no crude data82 kt (5%)
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported70 kt (4%)
- China: no crude data51 kt (3%)
- Singapore: no crude data46 kt (3%)
- United States: no crude data42 kt (3%)
- Bahrain: no crude data32 kt (2%)
- Iraq: no crude data32 kt (2%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported4.8 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.4 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
Crude behind this road diesel, an estimate (Jun 2025)
46.5 thousand tonnes
3% of Netherlands's road diesel supply
Unknown
Last shipped from
- Singapore46 kt (100%)
Source: Fuel Origin fuel-chain look-through (docs/HORMUZ_METHOD.md section 8), built on Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm and nrg_cb_oilm
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Netherlands (own refineries) | Netherlands: road diesel supply | 911,562 | 55.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Belgium | Netherlands: road diesel supply | 187,564 | 11.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| India | Netherlands: road diesel supply | 187,115 | 11.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Qatar | Netherlands: road diesel supply | 82,250 | 5.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| China | Netherlands: road diesel supply | 50,939 | 3.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Singapore | Netherlands: road diesel supply | 46,479 | 2.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| United States | Netherlands: road diesel supply | 42,152 | 2.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Spain | Netherlands: road diesel supply | 36,598 | 2.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Germany | Netherlands: road diesel supply | 32,354 | 2.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Bahrain | Netherlands: road diesel supply | 31,968 | 1.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Iraq | Netherlands: road diesel supply | 31,900 | 1.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| United States | Netherlands (own refineries) | 204,050 | 22.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| India: no crude data | India | 187,115 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Norway | Netherlands (own refineries) | 154,824 | 17.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands (own refineries) | 111,395 | 12.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands (own refineries) | 107,935 | 11.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands (own refineries) | 86,534 | 9.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Qatar: no crude data | Qatar | 82,250 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Iraq | Netherlands (own refineries) | 74,444 | 8.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Netherlands: crude origin not reported | Netherlands (own refineries) | 70,130 | 7.7% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Brazil | Netherlands (own refineries) | 64,794 | 7.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 55,335 | 29.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| China: no crude data | China | 50,939 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Singapore: no crude data | Singapore | 46,479 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Norway | Belgium | 44,997 | 24.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| United States: no crude data | United States | 42,152 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Canada | Netherlands (own refineries) | 37,457 | 4.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Bahrain: no crude data | Bahrain | 31,968 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Iraq: no crude data | Iraq | 31,900 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 31,577 | 16.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium | 28,373 | 15.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Spain | 18,955 | 51.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Canada | Belgium | 12,428 | 6.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Germany | 9,346 | 28.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Germany | 5,941 | 18.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Spain | 5,871 | 16.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Spain | 5,642 | 15.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Belgium | 4,875 | 2.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Belgium | 4,689 | 2.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany | 4,280 | 13.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Germany | 3,928 | 12.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Germany | 3,665 | 11.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 2,660 | 1.4% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Iraq | Belgium | 2,632 | 1.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Germany | 2,168 | 6.7% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Canada | Spain | 2,081 | 5.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Germany | 2,008 | 6.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Spain | 1,855 | 5.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Spain | 1,315 | 3.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Canada | Germany | 922 | 2.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Spain | 449 | 1.2% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Norway | Spain | 248 | 0.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Spain | 183 | 0.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Germany | 97 | 0.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
Source & method
Source Period 2025-06 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2025-06 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Netherlands’s supply of road diesel in 2025-06, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2025-06 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2025-04 to 2025-06.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- India: no crude data (187,115 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Qatar: no crude data (82,250 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported (70,130 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- China: no crude data (50,939 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Singapore: no crude data (46,479 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- United States: no crude data (42,152 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Bahrain: no crude data (31,968 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Iraq: no crude data (31,900 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (4,828 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (449 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.