Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In April 2026, the Netherlands' road diesel supply was 2,050 kt: 61% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Belgium (36%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Norway (28%), the United States (18%) and Kazakhstan (10%), and 6% cannot be traced.
Country
Norway566 kt (est. 28%)United States374 kt (est. 18%)Kazakhstan213 kt (est. 10%)United Kingdom191 kt (est. 9%)Nigeria134 kt (est. 7%)Brazil76 kt (est. 4%)Saudi Arabia51 kt (est. 2%)Other crude origins327 kt (est. 16%)Netherlands: crude origin not reported107 kt (5%)Smaller flows: no crude data8.2 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports2.7 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: no refineryless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Netherlands (own refineries)1.26 Mt (61%)Belgium734 kt (36%)Germany47 kt (2%)United Kingdom4.5 kt (<1%)Norway3.7 kt (<1%)Denmark2.3 kt (<1%)Sweden0.5 kt (<1%)United Statesless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Spainless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Greeceless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Other suppliersless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Netherlands: road diesel supply2.05 Mt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Netherlands (own refineries)
- Belgium
- Germany
- United Kingdom
- Norway
- Denmark
- Sweden
- United States
- Other (6)
- Norway566 kt (est. 28%)
- United States374 kt (est. 18%)
- Kazakhstan213 kt (est. 10%)
- United Kingdom191 kt (est. 9%)
- Nigeria134 kt (est. 7%)
- Brazil76 kt (est. 4%)
- Saudi Arabia51 kt (est. 2%)
- Other crude origins327 kt (est. 16%)
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported107 kt (5%)
- Smaller flows: no crude data8.2 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports2.7 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: no refineryless than 0.1 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
Crude behind this road diesel, an estimate (Apr 2026)
2.7 thousand tonnes
<1% of Netherlands's road diesel supply
Unknown
Last shipped from
- Germany2.2 kt (83%)
- Denmark0.5 kt (17%)
- Other suppliersless than 0.1 kt (<1%)
Source: Fuel Origin fuel-chain look-through (docs/HORMUZ_METHOD.md section 8), built on Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm and nrg_cb_oilm
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Netherlands (own refineries) | Netherlands: road diesel supply | 1,258,161 | 61.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Belgium | Netherlands: road diesel supply | 734,028 | 35.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Germany | Netherlands: road diesel supply | 46,833 | 2.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands: road diesel supply | 4,514 | 0.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Norway | Netherlands: road diesel supply | 3,710 | 0.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Denmark | Netherlands: road diesel supply | 2,296 | 0.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Norway | Belgium | 283,166 | 38.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands (own refineries) | 273,759 | 21.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Netherlands (own refineries) | 254,627 | 20.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands (own refineries) | 200,205 | 15.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands (own refineries) | 125,212 | 10.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands (own refineries) | 123,318 | 9.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium | 111,413 | 15.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 111,219 | 15.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Netherlands: crude origin not reported | Netherlands (own refineries) | 107,304 | 8.5% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 81,621 | 11.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands (own refineries) | 77,187 | 6.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Netherlands (own refineries) | 65,016 | 5.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Belgium | 62,281 | 8.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Belgium | 55,450 | 7.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Netherlands (own refineries) | 31,531 | 2.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Belgium | 18,358 | 2.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Germany | 15,700 | 33.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Belgium | 10,521 | 1.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Germany | 7,892 | 16.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Germany | 7,222 | 15.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany | 6,019 | 12.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Germany | 5,014 | 10.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | United Kingdom | 4,514 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | Norway | 3,710 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Germany | 2,243 | 4.8% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Saudi Arabia | Germany | 1,285 | 2.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Germany | 1,207 | 2.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Denmark | 918 | 40.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Denmark's road diesel to Netherlands split by Denmark's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Denmark | 563 | 24.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Denmark's road diesel to Netherlands split by Denmark's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Denmark | 455 | 19.8% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Norway | Sweden | 258 | 53.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Netherlands split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Germany | 250 | 0.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Denmark | 243 | 10.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Denmark's road diesel to Netherlands split by Denmark's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Sweden | 132 | 27.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Netherlands split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Denmark | 117 | 5.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Denmark's road diesel to Netherlands split by Denmark's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Sweden | 54 | 11.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Netherlands split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | United States | 24 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Other crude origins | Sweden | 24 | 4.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Netherlands split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Sweden | 14 | 2.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Netherlands split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Spain | 12 | 52.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Spain | 3 | 14.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Spain | 2 | 11.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Spain | 2 | 9.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Spain | 1 | 6.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Spain | 1 | 4.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Greece | 1 | 52.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Netherlands split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no refinery | Other suppliers | 1 | 100.0% | UnknownThe supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only. |
| Other crude origins | Other suppliers | 1 | 83.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Netherlands split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Other suppliers | 1 | 62.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Netherlands split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Other suppliers | 1 | 61.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Netherlands split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Other suppliers | 0 | 42.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Netherlands split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Greece | 0 | 20.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Netherlands split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Greece | 0 | 12.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Netherlands split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Greece | 0 | 11.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Netherlands split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Spain | 0 | 1.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Other suppliers | 0 | 11.2% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Norway | Other suppliers | 0 | 10.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Netherlands split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Other suppliers | 0 | 10.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Netherlands split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Other suppliers | 0 | 9.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Netherlands split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Spain | 0 | 0.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Other suppliers | 0 | 8.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Netherlands split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Greece | 0 | 3.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Netherlands split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
5 flows with a share under 0.1% are not listed here. They are still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2026-04 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2026-04 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Netherlands’s supply of road diesel in 2026-04, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2026-04 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2026-02 to 2026-04.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported (107,304 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: no crude data (8,248 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (2,697 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: no refinery (1 t): The supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.