Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In February 2024, the Netherlands' road diesel supply was 1,979 kt: 64% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Belgium (8%), Germany (6%) and India (5%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the United States (21%), Norway (12%) and Nigeria (7%), and 27% cannot be traced.
Country
United States422 kt (est. 21%)Norway243 kt (est. 12%)Nigeria130 kt (est. 7%)United Kingdom124 kt (est. 6%)Kazakhstan119 kt (est. 6%)Brazil115 kt (est. 6%)Saudi Arabia87 kt (est. 4%)Other crude origins207 kt (est. 10%)India: no crude data108 kt (5%)Saudi Arabia: no crude data79 kt (4%)Qatar: no crude data79 kt (4%)Netherlands: crude origin not reported75 kt (4%)United States: no crude data64 kt (3%)Iraq: no crude data52 kt (3%)United Kingdom: no crude data37 kt (2%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported22 kt (1%)Smaller flows: no crude data13 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports2.8 kt (<1%)Netherlands (own refineries)1.26 Mt (64%)Belgium165 kt (8%)Germany110 kt (6%)India108 kt (5%)Saudi Arabia79 kt (4%)Qatar79 kt (4%)United States64 kt (3%)Iraq52 kt (3%)United Kingdom37 kt (2%)Italy16 kt (<1%)Singapore13 kt (<1%)Netherlands: road diesel supply1.98 Mt (100%)
Tap a country to follow its flows. Tap it again, or use the close button, to clear.
Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Netherlands (own refineries)
- Belgium
- Germany
- India
- Saudi Arabia
- Qatar
- United States
- Iraq
- Other (3)
- United States422 kt (est. 21%)
- Norway243 kt (est. 12%)
- Nigeria130 kt (est. 7%)
- United Kingdom124 kt (est. 6%)
- Kazakhstan119 kt (est. 6%)
- Brazil115 kt (est. 6%)
- Saudi Arabia87 kt (est. 4%)
- Other crude origins207 kt (est. 10%)
- India: no crude data108 kt (5%)
- Saudi Arabia: no crude data79 kt (4%)
- Qatar: no crude data79 kt (4%)
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported75 kt (4%)
- United States: no crude data64 kt (3%)
- Iraq: no crude data52 kt (3%)
- United Kingdom: no crude data37 kt (2%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported22 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: no crude data13 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports2.8 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
Crude behind this road diesel, an estimate (Feb 2024)
22.4 thousand tonnes
1% of Netherlands's road diesel supply
Unknown
Last shipped from
- Belgium14 kt (62%)
- Germany8.0 kt (36%)
- Italy0.5 kt (2%)
Source: Fuel Origin fuel-chain look-through (docs/HORMUZ_METHOD.md section 8), built on Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm and nrg_cb_oilm
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Netherlands (own refineries) | Netherlands: road diesel supply | 1,257,858 | 63.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Belgium | Netherlands: road diesel supply | 164,613 | 8.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Germany | Netherlands: road diesel supply | 109,743 | 5.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| India | Netherlands: road diesel supply | 107,561 | 5.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Saudi Arabia | Netherlands: road diesel supply | 79,452 | 4.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Qatar | Netherlands: road diesel supply | 78,626 | 4.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| United States | Netherlands: road diesel supply | 63,815 | 3.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Iraq | Netherlands: road diesel supply | 52,341 | 2.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands: road diesel supply | 36,618 | 1.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Italy | Netherlands: road diesel supply | 15,589 | 0.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Singapore | Netherlands: road diesel supply | 12,743 | 0.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| United States | Netherlands (own refineries) | 360,886 | 28.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands (own refineries) | 193,983 | 15.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands (own refineries) | 139,912 | 11.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Netherlands (own refineries) | 109,912 | 8.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands (own refineries) | 109,436 | 8.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| India: no crude data | India | 107,561 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands (own refineries) | 104,597 | 8.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands (own refineries) | 86,105 | 6.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia: no crude data | Saudi Arabia | 79,452 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Qatar: no crude data | Qatar | 78,626 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Saudi Arabia | Netherlands (own refineries) | 77,851 | 6.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Netherlands: crude origin not reported | Netherlands (own refineries) | 75,177 | 6.0% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United States: no crude data | United States | 63,815 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Iraq: no crude data | Iraq | 52,341 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United Kingdom: no crude data | United Kingdom | 36,618 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United States | Belgium | 34,464 | 20.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 34,151 | 20.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Belgium | 25,509 | 15.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Germany | 24,868 | 22.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Germany | 24,623 | 22.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Germany | 23,194 | 21.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 17,269 | 10.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Belgium | 16,514 | 10.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 13,900 | 8.4% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany | 13,494 | 12.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | Singapore | 12,743 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United Kingdom | Belgium | 12,324 | 7.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Germany | 8,020 | 7.3% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Other crude origins | Italy | 8,009 | 51.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Netherlands split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Belgium | 7,443 | 4.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Germany | 7,210 | 6.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Germany | 3,150 | 2.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Belgium | 3,040 | 1.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Germany | 2,389 | 2.2% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Kazakhstan | Italy | 1,870 | 12.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Netherlands split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Germany | 1,861 | 1.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Italy | 1,773 | 11.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Netherlands split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Italy | 1,084 | 7.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Netherlands split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Germany | 935 | 0.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Italy | 651 | 4.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Netherlands split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Italy | 526 | 3.4% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Norway | Italy | 476 | 3.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Netherlands split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Italy | 440 | 2.8% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Brazil | Italy | 423 | 2.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Netherlands split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Italy | 338 | 2.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Netherlands split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
Source & method
Source Period 2024-02 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2024-02 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Netherlands’s supply of road diesel in 2024-02, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2024-02 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2023-12 to 2024-02.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- India: no crude data (107,561 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Saudi Arabia: no crude data (79,452 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Qatar: no crude data (78,626 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported (75,177 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- United States: no crude data (63,815 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Iraq: no crude data (52,341 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- United Kingdom: no crude data (36,618 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (22,446 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: no crude data (12,743 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (2,829 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.