Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In February 2025, the Netherlands' road diesel supply was 1,567 kt: 54% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Belgium (20%), Germany (15%) and Spain (6%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the United States (22%), Norway (18%) and Kazakhstan (10%), and 8% cannot be traced.
Country
United States349 kt (est. 22%)Norway283 kt (est. 18%)Kazakhstan164 kt (est. 10%)United Kingdom140 kt (est. 9%)Brazil101 kt (est. 6%)Iraq88 kt (est. 6%)Libya86 kt (est. 6%)Other crude origins226 kt (est. 14%)Netherlands: crude origin not reported52 kt (3%)Germany: crude origin not reported30 kt (2%)Denmark: crude not from imports20 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported19 kt (1%)Smaller flows: no crude data5.8 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports3.3 kt (<1%)Netherlands (own refineries)847 kt (54%)Belgium312 kt (20%)Germany240 kt (15%)Spain87 kt (6%)Denmark50 kt (3%)Sweden23 kt (1%)Norway5.8 kt (<1%)France1.3 kt (<1%)Czechia0.1 kt (<1%)Poland0.1 kt (<1%)Italy0.1 kt (<1%)Netherlands: road diesel supply1.57 Mt (100%)
Tap a country to follow its flows. Tap it again, or use the close button, to clear.
Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Netherlands (own refineries)
- Belgium
- Germany
- Spain
- Denmark
- Sweden
- Norway
- France
- Other (3)
- United States349 kt (est. 22%)
- Norway283 kt (est. 18%)
- Kazakhstan164 kt (est. 10%)
- United Kingdom140 kt (est. 9%)
- Brazil101 kt (est. 6%)
- Iraq88 kt (est. 6%)
- Libya86 kt (est. 6%)
- Other crude origins226 kt (est. 14%)
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported52 kt (3%)
- Germany: crude origin not reported30 kt (2%)
- Denmark: crude not from imports20 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported19 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: no crude data5.8 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports3.3 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
Crude behind this road diesel, an estimate (Feb 2025)
139.9 thousand tonnes
est. 9% of Netherlands's road diesel supply
less than 0.1 kt reported140 kt estimated
Inferred · medium
Last shipped from
- Netherlands (own refineries)95 kt (est. 68%)
- Germany24 kt (est. 17%)
- Belgium19 kt (est. 14%)
and 5 more in the table above
Source: Fuel Origin fuel-chain look-through (docs/HORMUZ_METHOD.md section 8), built on Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm and nrg_cb_oilm
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Netherlands (own refineries) | Netherlands: road diesel supply | 846,724 | 54.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Belgium | Netherlands: road diesel supply | 312,479 | 19.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Germany | Netherlands: road diesel supply | 240,423 | 15.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Spain | Netherlands: road diesel supply | 87,006 | 5.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Denmark | Netherlands: road diesel supply | 50,170 | 3.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Sweden | Netherlands: road diesel supply | 23,275 | 1.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Norway | Netherlands: road diesel supply | 5,799 | 0.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| United States | Netherlands (own refineries) | 221,926 | 26.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands (own refineries) | 146,197 | 17.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands (own refineries) | 98,702 | 11.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands (own refineries) | 94,593 | 11.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 72,437 | 23.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Netherlands (own refineries) | 67,224 | 7.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Belgium | 64,524 | 20.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands (own refineries) | 64,236 | 7.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Netherlands (own refineries) | 61,331 | 7.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium | 59,867 | 19.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Netherlands: crude origin not reported | Netherlands (own refineries) | 51,952 | 6.1% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Norway | Germany | 46,896 | 19.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Spain | 45,019 | 51.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Netherlands (own refineries) | 39,473 | 4.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Germany | 38,249 | 15.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Germany | 37,462 | 15.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 33,777 | 10.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Germany: crude origin not reported | Germany | 30,491 | 12.7% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Libya | Germany | 28,721 | 11.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany | 28,510 | 11.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Germany | 24,312 | 10.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Denmark: crude not from imports | Denmark | 20,423 | 40.7% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Iraq | Belgium | 19,230 | 6.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Belgium | 19,073 | 6.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Belgium | 17,580 | 5.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Denmark | 15,212 | 30.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Denmark's road diesel to Netherlands split by Denmark's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 15,139 | 4.8% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Brazil | Spain | 15,046 | 17.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Denmark | 12,028 | 24.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Denmark's road diesel to Netherlands split by Denmark's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Spain | 12,006 | 13.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Sweden | 11,975 | 51.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Netherlands split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Belgium | 10,847 | 3.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Spain | 6,228 | 7.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | Norway | 5,799 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Iraq | Germany | 3,834 | 1.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Sweden | 3,740 | 16.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Netherlands split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Spain | 3,168 | 3.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Denmark | 2,479 | 4.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Denmark's road diesel to Netherlands split by Denmark's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Spain | 2,455 | 2.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Sweden | 2,177 | 9.4% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United States | Sweden | 1,801 | 7.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Netherlands split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Spain | 1,596 | 1.8% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United Kingdom | Sweden | 1,503 | 6.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Netherlands split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Sweden | 1,184 | 5.1% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Norway | Spain | 1,113 | 1.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Netherlands (own refineries) | 1,090 | 0.1% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Brazil | Germany | 1,019 | 0.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Germany | 929 | 0.4% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Libya | Sweden | 895 | 3.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Netherlands split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Spain | 376 | 0.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | France | 340 | 25.9% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | France | 332 | 25.3% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | France | 167 | 12.7% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | France | 154 | 11.7% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Czechia | 119 | 86.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's road diesel to Netherlands split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | France | 105 | 8.0% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | France | 95 | 7.2% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Poland | 45 | 59.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Poland's road diesel to Netherlands split by Poland's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | France | 45 | 3.4% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | France | 43 | 3.3% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Other crude origins | Italy | 24 | 38.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Netherlands split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Czechia | 18 | 13.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's road diesel to Netherlands split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | France | 16 | 1.2% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United Kingdom | France | 15 | 1.1% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Italy | 14 | 23.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Netherlands split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Poland | 13 | 17.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Poland's road diesel to Netherlands split by Poland's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Italy | 7 | 12.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Netherlands split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Poland | 7 | 9.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Poland's road diesel to Netherlands split by Poland's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Poland | 5 | 6.6% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Iraq | Italy | 5 | 7.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Netherlands split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Italy | 4 | 6.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Netherlands split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Poland | 3 | 4.2% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Italy | 3 | 5.1% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Norway | Italy | 3 | 4.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Netherlands split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Poland | 2 | 3.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Poland's road diesel to Netherlands split by Poland's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Czechia | 1 | 1.0% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Brazil | Italy | 1 | 1.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Netherlands split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Italy | 0 | 0.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Netherlands split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
6 flows with a share under 0.1% are not listed here. They are still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2025-02 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2025-02 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Netherlands’s supply of road diesel in 2025-02, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2025-02 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2024-12 to 2025-02.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported (51,952 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Germany: crude origin not reported (30,491 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Denmark: crude not from imports (20,423 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (18,958 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: no crude data (5,799 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (3,260 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.