Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In July 2023, the Netherlands' road diesel supply was 2,017 kt: 61% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Belgium (13%) and India (7%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the United States (17%), Norway (15%) and the United Kingdom (9%), and 28% cannot be traced.
Country
United States333 kt (est. 17%)Norway295 kt (est. 15%)United Kingdom181 kt (est. 9%)Iraq155 kt (est. 8%)Kazakhstan112 kt (est. 6%)Saudi Arabia104 kt (est. 5%)Nigeria77 kt (est. 4%)Other crude origins192 kt (est. 9%)India: no crude data133 kt (7%)Saudi Arabia: no crude data92 kt (5%)Qatar: no crude data78 kt (4%)Netherlands: crude origin not reported69 kt (3%)United States: no crude data64 kt (3%)Singapore: no crude data53 kt (3%)Bahrain: no crude data35 kt (2%)China: no crude data20 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported15 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports9.0 kt (<1%)Netherlands (own refineries)1.23 Mt (61%)Belgium255 kt (13%)India133 kt (7%)Saudi Arabia92 kt (5%)Qatar78 kt (4%)United States64 kt (3%)Singapore53 kt (3%)Germany35 kt (2%)Bahrain35 kt (2%)China20 kt (1%)Denmark20 kt (<1%)Netherlands: road diesel supply2.02 Mt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Netherlands (own refineries)
- Belgium
- India
- Saudi Arabia
- Qatar
- United States
- Singapore
- Germany
- Other (3)
- United States333 kt (est. 17%)
- Norway295 kt (est. 15%)
- United Kingdom181 kt (est. 9%)
- Iraq155 kt (est. 8%)
- Kazakhstan112 kt (est. 6%)
- Saudi Arabia104 kt (est. 5%)
- Nigeria77 kt (est. 4%)
- Other crude origins192 kt (est. 9%)
- India: no crude data133 kt (7%)
- Saudi Arabia: no crude data92 kt (5%)
- Qatar: no crude data78 kt (4%)
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported69 kt (3%)
- United States: no crude data64 kt (3%)
- Singapore: no crude data53 kt (3%)
- Bahrain: no crude data35 kt (2%)
- China: no crude data20 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported15 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports9.0 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
Crude behind this road diesel, an estimate (Jul 2023)
333.2 thousand tonnes
est. 17% of Netherlands's road diesel supply
less than 0.1 kt reported333 kt estimated
Inferred · medium
Last shipped from
- Netherlands (own refineries)291 kt (est. 87%)
- Belgium32 kt (est. 10%)
- Denmark5.3 kt (est. 2%)
and 1 more in the table above
Source: Fuel Origin fuel-chain look-through (docs/HORMUZ_METHOD.md section 8), built on Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm and nrg_cb_oilm
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Netherlands (own refineries) | Netherlands: road diesel supply | 1,233,099 | 61.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Belgium | Netherlands: road diesel supply | 254,737 | 12.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| India | Netherlands: road diesel supply | 132,654 | 6.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Saudi Arabia | Netherlands: road diesel supply | 92,061 | 4.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Qatar | Netherlands: road diesel supply | 78,054 | 3.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| United States | Netherlands: road diesel supply | 63,754 | 3.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Singapore | Netherlands: road diesel supply | 52,844 | 2.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Germany | Netherlands: road diesel supply | 34,909 | 1.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Bahrain | Netherlands: road diesel supply | 34,875 | 1.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| China | Netherlands: road diesel supply | 20,496 | 1.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Denmark | Netherlands: road diesel supply | 19,525 | 1.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| United States | Netherlands (own refineries) | 290,927 | 23.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands (own refineries) | 230,455 | 18.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands (own refineries) | 150,998 | 12.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Netherlands (own refineries) | 140,726 | 11.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| India: no crude data | India | 132,654 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands (own refineries) | 113,755 | 9.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia: no crude data | Saudi Arabia | 92,061 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Saudi Arabia | Netherlands (own refineries) | 88,777 | 7.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands (own refineries) | 80,162 | 6.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Qatar: no crude data | Qatar | 78,054 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Netherlands: crude origin not reported | Netherlands (own refineries) | 69,253 | 5.6% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 68,297 | 26.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands (own refineries) | 68,047 | 5.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| United States: no crude data | United States | 63,754 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Norway | Belgium | 53,199 | 20.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Singapore: no crude data | Singapore | 52,844 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Bahrain: no crude data | Bahrain | 34,875 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United States | Belgium | 32,118 | 12.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 27,562 | 10.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Belgium | 26,152 | 10.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| China: no crude data | China | 20,496 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 14,183 | 5.6% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Saudi Arabia | Belgium | 13,698 | 5.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Belgium | 12,356 | 4.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Germany | 8,439 | 24.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Denmark | 8,339 | 42.7% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Nigeria | Belgium | 7,173 | 2.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Germany | 6,981 | 20.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Denmark | 5,307 | 27.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Denmark's road diesel to Netherlands split by Denmark's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Germany | 4,845 | 13.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Denmark | 4,532 | 23.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Denmark's road diesel to Netherlands split by Denmark's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany | 4,402 | 12.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Germany | 3,463 | 9.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Germany | 1,808 | 5.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Germany | 1,759 | 5.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Germany | 1,454 | 4.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Germany | 1,120 | 3.2% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Other crude origins | Denmark | 1,010 | 5.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Denmark's road diesel to Netherlands split by Denmark's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Germany | 637 | 1.8% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| United Kingdom | Denmark | 337 | 1.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Denmark's road diesel to Netherlands split by Denmark's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
Source & method
Source Period 2023-07 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2023-07 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Netherlands’s supply of road diesel in 2023-07, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2023-07 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2023-05 to 2023-07.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- India: no crude data (132,654 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Saudi Arabia: no crude data (92,061 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Qatar: no crude data (78,054 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported (69,253 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- United States: no crude data (63,754 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Singapore: no crude data (52,844 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Bahrain: no crude data (34,875 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- China: no crude data (20,496 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (15,303 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (8,975 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.