Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In July 2023, the Netherlands' petrol supply was 975 kt: 36% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Belgium (18%), Germany (9%) and Spain (7%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Norway (21%), the United States (15%) and the United Kingdom (8%), and 13% cannot be traced.
Country
Norway201 kt (est. 21%)United States150 kt (est. 15%)United Kingdom82 kt (est. 8%)Kazakhstan63 kt (est. 6%)Iraq60 kt (est. 6%)Nigeria53 kt (est. 5%)Saudi Arabia48 kt (est. 5%)Other crude origins194 kt (est. 20%)United Kingdom: no crude data49 kt (5%)Algeria: no crude data32 kt (3%)Netherlands: crude origin not reported20 kt (2%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported16 kt (2%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports6.4 kt (<1%)Netherlands (own refineries)350 kt (36%)Belgium173 kt (18%)Germany86 kt (9%)Spain69 kt (7%)Sweden59 kt (6%)Finland54 kt (6%)United Kingdom49 kt (5%)Portugal48 kt (5%)Algeria32 kt (3%)France28 kt (3%)Italy27 kt (3%)Netherlands: petrol supply975 kt (100%)
Tap a country to follow its flows. Tap it again, or use the close button, to clear.
Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Netherlands (own refineries)
- Belgium
- Germany
- Spain
- Sweden
- Finland
- United Kingdom
- Portugal
- Other (3)
- Norway201 kt (est. 21%)
- United States150 kt (est. 15%)
- United Kingdom82 kt (est. 8%)
- Kazakhstan63 kt (est. 6%)
- Iraq60 kt (est. 6%)
- Nigeria53 kt (est. 5%)
- Saudi Arabia48 kt (est. 5%)
- Other crude origins194 kt (est. 20%)
- United Kingdom: no crude data49 kt (5%)
- Algeria: no crude data32 kt (3%)
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported20 kt (2%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported16 kt (2%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports6.4 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Netherlands (own refineries) | Netherlands: petrol supply | 349,672 | 35.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Belgium | Netherlands: petrol supply | 172,708 | 17.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Germany | Netherlands: petrol supply | 86,036 | 8.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Spain | Netherlands: petrol supply | 69,474 | 7.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Sweden | Netherlands: petrol supply | 59,455 | 6.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Finland | Netherlands: petrol supply | 53,874 | 5.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands: petrol supply | 48,883 | 5.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Portugal | Netherlands: petrol supply | 48,325 | 5.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Algeria | Netherlands: petrol supply | 31,870 | 3.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| France | Netherlands: petrol supply | 27,641 | 2.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Italy | Netherlands: petrol supply | 26,871 | 2.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| United States | Netherlands (own refineries) | 82,499 | 23.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands (own refineries) | 65,350 | 18.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom: no crude data | United Kingdom | 48,883 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 46,304 | 26.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands (own refineries) | 42,819 | 12.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Netherlands (own refineries) | 39,906 | 11.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Finland | 39,153 | 72.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Finland's petrol to Netherlands split by Finland's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Sweden | 37,970 | 63.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to Netherlands split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Portugal | 37,687 | 78.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's petrol to Netherlands split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Belgium | 36,068 | 20.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Spain | 33,746 | 48.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands (own refineries) | 32,258 | 9.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria: no crude data | Algeria | 31,870 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Saudi Arabia | Netherlands (own refineries) | 25,175 | 7.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands (own refineries) | 22,732 | 6.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium | 21,776 | 12.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Germany | 20,799 | 24.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Netherlands: crude origin not reported | Netherlands (own refineries) | 19,638 | 5.6% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands (own refineries) | 19,296 | 5.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 18,687 | 10.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Belgium | 17,731 | 10.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Germany | 17,206 | 20.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Italy | 12,636 | 47.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Netherlands split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Germany | 11,940 | 13.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany | 10,850 | 12.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Spain | 10,784 | 15.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 9,616 | 5.6% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Saudi Arabia | Belgium | 9,287 | 5.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Spain | 8,969 | 12.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Germany | 8,535 | 9.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Belgium | 8,377 | 4.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Finland | 8,111 | 15.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Finland's petrol to Netherlands split by Finland's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | France | 7,770 | 28.1% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Sweden | 6,890 | 11.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to Netherlands split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Sweden | 6,337 | 10.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to Netherlands split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Portugal | 5,264 | 10.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's petrol to Netherlands split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Spain | 5,105 | 7.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Belgium | 4,863 | 2.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Finland | 4,785 | 8.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Finland's petrol to Netherlands split by Finland's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Spain | 4,701 | 6.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Germany | 4,456 | 5.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Germany | 4,336 | 5.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | France | 3,835 | 13.9% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Portugal | 3,823 | 7.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's petrol to Netherlands split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | France | 3,759 | 13.6% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Italy | 3,641 | 13.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Netherlands split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Germany | 3,584 | 4.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Sweden | 3,298 | 5.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to Netherlands split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Spain | 3,274 | 4.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | France | 2,989 | 10.8% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Sweden | 2,965 | 5.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to Netherlands split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | France | 2,815 | 10.2% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Germany | 2,761 | 3.2% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Kazakhstan | Italy | 2,681 | 10.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Netherlands split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | France | 2,212 | 8.0% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | France | 2,115 | 7.7% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Italy | 2,025 | 7.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Netherlands split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Italy | 1,999 | 7.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Netherlands split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Sweden | 1,995 | 3.4% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Italy | 1,831 | 6.8% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Finland | 1,825 | 3.4% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Germany | 1,569 | 1.8% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | France | 1,455 | 5.3% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Norway | Spain | 1,347 | 1.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Portugal | 1,325 | 2.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's petrol to Netherlands split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Italy | 999 | 3.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Netherlands split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Italy | 749 | 2.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Netherlands split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Spain | 658 | 0.9% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Spain | 613 | 0.9% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United Kingdom | France | 543 | 2.0% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Italy | 310 | 1.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Netherlands split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Spain | 278 | 0.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Portugal | 226 | 0.5% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | France | 149 | 0.5% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
Source & method
Source Period 2023-07 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2023-07 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Netherlands’s supply of petrol in 2023-07, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2023-07 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2023-05 to 2023-07.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- United Kingdom: no crude data (48,883 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Algeria: no crude data (31,870 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported (19,638 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (16,269 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (6,428 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.