Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In August 2023, the Netherlands' jet fuel supply was 1,015 kt: 77% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from India (8%), China (7%) and Kuwait (5%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the United States (19%), Norway (14%) and the United Kingdom (9%), and 24% cannot be traced.
Country
United States194 kt (est. 19%)Norway144 kt (est. 14%)United Kingdom94 kt (est. 9%)Iraq86 kt (est. 8%)Nigeria57 kt (est. 6%)Brazil53 kt (est. 5%)Kazakhstan49 kt (est. 5%)Other crude origins94 kt (est. 9%)India: no crude data84 kt (8%)China: no crude data72 kt (7%)Kuwait: no crude data53 kt (5%)Netherlands: crude origin not reported29 kt (3%)Smaller flows: no crude data3.6 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported1.6 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.1 kt (<1%)Netherlands (own refineries)778 kt (77%)India84 kt (8%)China72 kt (7%)Kuwait53 kt (5%)Belgium23 kt (2%)United Kingdom3.6 kt (<1%)Germany1.2 kt (<1%)France0.2 kt (<1%)South Korealess than 0.1 kt (<1%)Spainless than 0.1 kt (<1%)United Statesless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Netherlands: jet fuel supply1.02 Mt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Netherlands (own refineries)
- India
- China
- Kuwait
- Belgium
- United Kingdom
- Germany
- France
- Other (3)
- United States194 kt (est. 19%)
- Norway144 kt (est. 14%)
- United Kingdom94 kt (est. 9%)
- Iraq86 kt (est. 8%)
- Nigeria57 kt (est. 6%)
- Brazil53 kt (est. 5%)
- Kazakhstan49 kt (est. 5%)
- Other crude origins94 kt (est. 9%)
- India: no crude data84 kt (8%)
- China: no crude data72 kt (7%)
- Kuwait: no crude data53 kt (5%)
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported29 kt (3%)
- Smaller flows: no crude data3.6 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported1.6 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.1 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Netherlands (own refineries) | Netherlands: jet fuel supply | 777,532 | 76.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| India | Netherlands: jet fuel supply | 84,301 | 8.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| China | Netherlands: jet fuel supply | 72,158 | 7.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Kuwait | Netherlands: jet fuel supply | 53,491 | 5.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Belgium | Netherlands: jet fuel supply | 22,781 | 2.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands: jet fuel supply | 3,563 | 0.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Germany | Netherlands: jet fuel supply | 1,154 | 0.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| United States | Netherlands (own refineries) | 191,375 | 24.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands (own refineries) | 139,302 | 17.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands (own refineries) | 91,254 | 11.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands (own refineries) | 87,663 | 11.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Netherlands (own refineries) | 84,647 | 10.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| India: no crude data | India | 84,301 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| China: no crude data | China | 72,158 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands (own refineries) | 56,028 | 7.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Kuwait: no crude data | Kuwait | 53,491 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Brazil | Netherlands (own refineries) | 52,164 | 6.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands (own refineries) | 45,880 | 5.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Netherlands: crude origin not reported | Netherlands (own refineries) | 29,218 | 3.8% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 5,697 | 25.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Belgium | 4,920 | 21.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | United Kingdom | 3,563 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 2,778 | 12.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium | 2,641 | 11.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Belgium | 2,600 | 11.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 1,524 | 6.7% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Iraq | Belgium | 1,080 | 4.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Belgium | 794 | 3.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Belgium | 732 | 3.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Germany | 340 | 29.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Germany | 196 | 17.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Germany | 183 | 15.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany | 145 | 12.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Germany | 99 | 8.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Germany | 58 | 5.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | France | 57 | 37.5% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Germany | 47 | 4.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Germany | 42 | 3.6% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Germany | 36 | 3.1% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United States | France | 26 | 17.2% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | South Korea | 20 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Nigeria | France | 18 | 12.1% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | France | 15 | 10.1% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | United States | 14 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Iraq | France | 13 | 8.3% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | France | 9 | 6.1% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | France | 8 | 5.5% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Other crude origins | Spain | 8 | 50.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Germany | 8 | 0.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | France | 3 | 2.0% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Spain | 3 | 15.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Spain | 2 | 10.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Spain | 2 | 9.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | France | 1 | 0.6% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Spain | 1 | 5.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Spain | 1 | 5.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | France | 1 | 0.4% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Norway | Spain | 0 | 1.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Spain | 0 | 0.9% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United Kingdom | Spain | 0 | 0.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
5 flows with a share under 0.1% are not listed here. They are still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2023-08 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2023-08 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Netherlands’s supply of jet fuel in 2023-08, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2023-08 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2023-06 to 2023-08.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- India: no crude data (84,301 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- China: no crude data (72,158 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Kuwait: no crude data (53,491 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported (29,218 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: no crude data (3,597 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (1,568 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (58 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.