Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In September 2023, the Netherlands' jet fuel supply was 1,038 kt: 66% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from the South Korea (28%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the United States (19%), Norway (12%) and the United Kingdom (10%), and 34% cannot be traced.
Country
United States201 kt (est. 19%)Norway123 kt (est. 12%)United Kingdom100 kt (est. 10%)Iraq73 kt (est. 7%)Nigeria49 kt (est. 5%)Brazil43 kt (est. 4%)Kazakhstan26 kt (est. 3%)Other crude origins72 kt (est. 7%)South Korea: no crude data290 kt (28%)India: no crude data37 kt (4%)Netherlands: crude origin not reported16 kt (2%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports5.8 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported1.1 kt (<1%)Netherlands (own refineries)688 kt (66%)South Korea290 kt (28%)India37 kt (4%)Belgium9.3 kt (<1%)France5.6 kt (<1%)Italy4.9 kt (<1%)Germany3.2 kt (<1%)Polandless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Spainless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Swedenless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Bulgarialess than 0.1 kt (<1%)Netherlands: jet fuel supply1.04 Mt (100%)
Tap a country to follow its flows. Tap it again, or use the close button, to clear.
Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Netherlands (own refineries)
- South Korea
- India
- Belgium
- France
- Italy
- Germany
- Poland
- Other (3)
- United States201 kt (est. 19%)
- Norway123 kt (est. 12%)
- United Kingdom100 kt (est. 10%)
- Iraq73 kt (est. 7%)
- Nigeria49 kt (est. 5%)
- Brazil43 kt (est. 4%)
- Kazakhstan26 kt (est. 3%)
- Other crude origins72 kt (est. 7%)
- South Korea: no crude data290 kt (28%)
- India: no crude data37 kt (4%)
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported16 kt (2%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports5.8 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported1.1 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Netherlands (own refineries) | Netherlands: jet fuel supply | 688,092 | 66.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| South Korea | Netherlands: jet fuel supply | 290,017 | 27.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| India | Netherlands: jet fuel supply | 37,021 | 3.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Belgium | Netherlands: jet fuel supply | 9,261 | 0.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| France | Netherlands: jet fuel supply | 5,580 | 0.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Italy | Netherlands: jet fuel supply | 4,905 | 0.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Germany | Netherlands: jet fuel supply | 3,197 | 0.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| South Korea: no crude data | South Korea | 290,017 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United States | Netherlands (own refineries) | 196,682 | 28.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands (own refineries) | 120,147 | 17.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands (own refineries) | 98,038 | 14.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Netherlands (own refineries) | 71,839 | 10.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands (own refineries) | 64,836 | 9.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands (own refineries) | 48,091 | 7.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Netherlands (own refineries) | 42,389 | 6.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| India: no crude data | India | 37,021 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands (own refineries) | 24,209 | 3.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Netherlands: crude origin not reported | Netherlands (own refineries) | 16,418 | 2.4% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Netherlands (own refineries) | 5,444 | 0.8% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Other crude origins | Italy | 2,718 | 55.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | France | 2,041 | 36.6% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Belgium | 1,999 | 21.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 1,792 | 19.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium | 1,360 | 14.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Belgium | 1,308 | 14.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | France | 1,029 | 18.4% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Germany | 1,005 | 31.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 870 | 9.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Italy | 866 | 17.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 652 | 7.0% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Nigeria | France | 628 | 11.3% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | France | 587 | 10.5% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Germany | 566 | 17.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Belgium | 526 | 5.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Germany | 483 | 15.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | France | 453 | 8.1% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | France | 425 | 7.6% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany | 391 | 12.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Belgium | 378 | 4.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Italy | 363 | 7.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Italy | 343 | 7.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Belgium | 294 | 3.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Germany | 282 | 8.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | France | 269 | 4.8% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Norway | Italy | 171 | 3.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Germany | 169 | 5.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Italy | 164 | 3.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Germany | 120 | 3.8% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| United Kingdom | Italy | 104 | 2.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Italy | 95 | 1.9% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | France | 94 | 1.7% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Nigeria | Germany | 85 | 2.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Belgium | 82 | 0.9% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Italy | 80 | 1.6% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Germany | 62 | 1.9% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Brazil | France | 50 | 0.9% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Germany | 33 | 1.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Poland | 14 | 53.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Poland's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Poland's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Poland | 10 | 36.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Poland's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Poland's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Bulgaria | 7 | 100.0% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Other crude origins | Spain | 6 | 50.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Sweden | 5 | 64.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Poland | 2 | 7.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Poland's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Poland's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Spain | 2 | 16.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Spain | 1 | 11.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Spain | 1 | 10.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Sweden | 1 | 13.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Sweden | 1 | 8.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Sweden | 1 | 7.7% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Iraq | Spain | 1 | 5.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Poland | 0 | 1.7% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| United Kingdom | Poland | 0 | 1.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Poland's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Poland's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Spain | 0 | 3.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Sweden | 0 | 3.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Sweden | 0 | 3.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Spain | 0 | 1.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Spain | 0 | 0.8% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Spain | 0 | 0.5% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| United Kingdom | Spain | 0 | 0.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
5 flows with a share under 0.1% are not listed here. They are still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2023-09 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2023-09 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Netherlands’s supply of jet fuel in 2023-09, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2023-09 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2023-07 to 2023-09.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- South Korea: no crude data (290,017 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- India: no crude data (37,021 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported (16,418 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (5,836 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (1,070 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.