Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In September 2023, the Netherlands' petrol supply was 646 kt: 49% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Belgium (18%) and Germany (11%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the United States (22%), Norway (19%) and the United Kingdom (11%), and 10% cannot be traced.
Country
United States140 kt (est. 22%)Norway121 kt (est. 19%)United Kingdom73 kt (est. 11%)Iraq46 kt (est. 7%)Nigeria35 kt (est. 5%)Kazakhstan33 kt (est. 5%)Brazil32 kt (est. 5%)Other crude origins101 kt (est. 16%)United Kingdom: no crude data24 kt (4%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports11 kt (2%)Denmark: crude not from imports10 kt (2%)Belgium: crude origin not reported8.1 kt (1%)Netherlands: crude origin not reported7.5 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported2.9 kt (<1%)Netherlands (own refineries)316 kt (49%)Belgium115 kt (18%)Germany72 kt (11%)Denmark26 kt (4%)United Kingdom24 kt (4%)Sweden21 kt (3%)Spain20 kt (3%)Finland15 kt (2%)Italy14 kt (2%)Portugal12 kt (2%)France12 kt (2%)Netherlands: petrol supply646 kt (100%)
Tap a country to follow its flows. Tap it again, or use the close button, to clear.
Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Netherlands (own refineries)
- Belgium
- Germany
- Denmark
- United Kingdom
- Sweden
- Spain
- Finland
- Other (3)
- United States140 kt (est. 22%)
- Norway121 kt (est. 19%)
- United Kingdom73 kt (est. 11%)
- Iraq46 kt (est. 7%)
- Nigeria35 kt (est. 5%)
- Kazakhstan33 kt (est. 5%)
- Brazil32 kt (est. 5%)
- Other crude origins101 kt (est. 16%)
- United Kingdom: no crude data24 kt (4%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports11 kt (2%)
- Denmark: crude not from imports10 kt (2%)
- Belgium: crude origin not reported8.1 kt (1%)
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported7.5 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported2.9 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Netherlands (own refineries) | Netherlands: petrol supply | 316,187 | 49.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Belgium | Netherlands: petrol supply | 114,923 | 17.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Germany | Netherlands: petrol supply | 71,534 | 11.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Denmark | Netherlands: petrol supply | 26,306 | 4.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands: petrol supply | 24,366 | 3.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Sweden | Netherlands: petrol supply | 20,567 | 3.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Spain | Netherlands: petrol supply | 19,611 | 3.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Finland | Netherlands: petrol supply | 14,983 | 2.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Italy | Netherlands: petrol supply | 13,749 | 2.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Portugal | Netherlands: petrol supply | 11,945 | 1.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| France | Netherlands: petrol supply | 11,549 | 1.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| United States | Netherlands (own refineries) | 90,378 | 28.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands (own refineries) | 55,209 | 17.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands (own refineries) | 45,050 | 14.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Netherlands (own refineries) | 33,011 | 10.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands (own refineries) | 29,793 | 9.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Belgium | 24,803 | 21.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom: no crude data | United Kingdom | 24,366 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Other crude origins | Germany | 22,487 | 31.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 22,238 | 19.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands (own refineries) | 22,098 | 7.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Netherlands (own refineries) | 19,478 | 6.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium | 16,876 | 14.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Belgium | 16,236 | 14.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Sweden | 13,204 | 64.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to Netherlands split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Germany | 12,658 | 17.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands (own refineries) | 11,124 | 3.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Germany | 10,812 | 15.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 10,794 | 9.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Denmark: crude not from imports | Denmark | 10,347 | 39.3% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Other crude origins | Spain | 9,942 | 50.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Finland | 9,242 | 61.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Finland's petrol to Netherlands split by Finland's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany | 8,749 | 12.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Belgium: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 8,091 | 7.0% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United States | Denmark | 8,067 | 30.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Denmark's petrol to Netherlands split by Denmark's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Italy | 7,619 | 55.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Netherlands split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Netherlands: crude origin not reported | Netherlands (own refineries) | 7,544 | 2.4% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Iraq | Belgium | 6,525 | 5.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Germany | 6,310 | 8.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Denmark | 5,334 | 20.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Denmark's petrol to Netherlands split by Denmark's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Portugal | 5,031 | 42.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's petrol to Netherlands split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Belgium | 4,690 | 4.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | France | 4,224 | 36.6% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Portugal | 4,055 | 34.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's petrol to Netherlands split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Germany | 3,790 | 5.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Belgium | 3,654 | 3.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Spain | 3,147 | 16.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Germany | 2,692 | 3.8% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| United States | Sweden | 2,674 | 13.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to Netherlands split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Denmark | 2,558 | 9.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Denmark's petrol to Netherlands split by Denmark's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Netherlands (own refineries) | 2,501 | 0.8% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Nigeria | Portugal | 2,474 | 20.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's petrol to Netherlands split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Italy | 2,426 | 17.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Netherlands split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Spain | 2,222 | 11.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Finland | 2,202 | 14.7% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| United States | France | 2,129 | 18.4% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Spain | 2,010 | 10.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Germany | 1,906 | 2.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Finland | 1,797 | 12.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Finland's petrol to Netherlands split by Finland's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Sweden | 1,753 | 8.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to Netherlands split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Sweden | 1,575 | 7.7% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Germany | 1,382 | 1.9% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Nigeria | France | 1,301 | 11.3% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | France | 1,215 | 10.5% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Finland | 1,182 | 7.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Finland's petrol to Netherlands split by Finland's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Spain | 1,040 | 5.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Belgium | 1,018 | 0.9% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Iraq | Italy | 1,017 | 7.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Netherlands split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Italy | 962 | 7.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Netherlands split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | France | 937 | 8.1% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | France | 879 | 7.6% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Germany | 747 | 1.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Sweden | 728 | 3.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to Netherlands split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Spain | 642 | 3.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Sweden | 633 | 3.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to Netherlands split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Finland | 560 | 3.7% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | France | 557 | 4.8% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Norway | Italy | 480 | 3.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Netherlands split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Italy | 460 | 3.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Netherlands split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Portugal | 327 | 2.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's petrol to Netherlands split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Spain | 314 | 1.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Italy | 293 | 2.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Netherlands split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Italy | 267 | 1.9% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Italy | 225 | 1.6% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | France | 194 | 1.7% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Spain | 164 | 0.8% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Brazil | France | 104 | 0.9% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Spain | 91 | 0.5% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Portugal | 58 | 0.5% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| United Kingdom | Spain | 39 | 0.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
One flow with a share under 0.1% is not listed here. It is still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2023-09 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2023-09 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Netherlands’s supply of petrol in 2023-09, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2023-09 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2023-07 to 2023-09.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- United Kingdom: no crude data (24,366 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (10,599 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Denmark: crude not from imports (10,347 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Belgium: crude origin not reported (8,091 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported (7,544 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (2,887 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.