Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In October 2023, the Netherlands' road diesel supply was 2,034 kt: 72% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Belgium (9%) and Germany (7%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the United States (23%), Norway (17%) and the United Kingdom (11%), and 12% cannot be traced.
Country
United States466 kt (est. 23%)Norway337 kt (est. 17%)United Kingdom217 kt (est. 11%)Iraq185 kt (est. 9%)Brazil148 kt (est. 7%)Nigeria117 kt (est. 6%)Kazakhstan94 kt (est. 5%)Other crude origins219 kt (est. 11%)Qatar: no crude data87 kt (4%)Netherlands: crude origin not reported50 kt (2%)China: no crude data32 kt (2%)Kuwait: no crude data27 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported24 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports16 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: no crude data15 kt (<1%)Netherlands (own refineries)1.47 Mt (72%)Belgium177 kt (9%)Germany140 kt (7%)Qatar87 kt (4%)Poland48 kt (2%)China32 kt (2%)Kuwait27 kt (1%)Denmark22 kt (1%)United Arab Emirates15 kt (<1%)Sweden8.9 kt (<1%)Finland7.9 kt (<1%)Netherlands: road diesel supply2.03 Mt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Netherlands (own refineries)
- Belgium
- Germany
- Qatar
- Poland
- China
- Kuwait
- Denmark
- Other (3)
- United States466 kt (est. 23%)
- Norway337 kt (est. 17%)
- United Kingdom217 kt (est. 11%)
- Iraq185 kt (est. 9%)
- Brazil148 kt (est. 7%)
- Nigeria117 kt (est. 6%)
- Kazakhstan94 kt (est. 5%)
- Other crude origins219 kt (est. 11%)
- Qatar: no crude data87 kt (4%)
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported50 kt (2%)
- China: no crude data32 kt (2%)
- Kuwait: no crude data27 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported24 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports16 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: no crude data15 kt (<1%)
Where the fuel was refined
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Netherlands (own refineries) | Netherlands: road diesel supply | 1,469,404 | 72.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Belgium | Netherlands: road diesel supply | 176,722 | 8.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Germany | Netherlands: road diesel supply | 139,790 | 6.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Qatar | Netherlands: road diesel supply | 87,473 | 4.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Poland | Netherlands: road diesel supply | 47,577 | 2.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| China | Netherlands: road diesel supply | 31,763 | 1.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Kuwait | Netherlands: road diesel supply | 27,112 | 1.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Denmark | Netherlands: road diesel supply | 22,378 | 1.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| United Arab Emirates | Netherlands: road diesel supply | 14,789 | 0.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Sweden | Netherlands: road diesel supply | 8,860 | 0.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Finland | Netherlands: road diesel supply | 7,931 | 0.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| United States | Netherlands (own refineries) | 399,322 | 27.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands (own refineries) | 249,256 | 17.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands (own refineries) | 174,682 | 11.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Netherlands (own refineries) | 164,595 | 11.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Netherlands (own refineries) | 137,353 | 9.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands (own refineries) | 130,521 | 8.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands (own refineries) | 99,786 | 6.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Qatar: no crude data | Qatar | 87,473 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands (own refineries) | 64,287 | 4.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Netherlands: crude origin not reported | Netherlands (own refineries) | 49,603 | 3.4% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Other crude origins | Germany | 41,697 | 29.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| China: no crude data | China | 31,763 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Norway | Belgium | 31,085 | 17.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium | 29,374 | 16.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 27,642 | 15.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Kuwait: no crude data | Kuwait | 27,112 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United States | Germany | 25,670 | 18.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Poland | 24,218 | 50.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Poland's road diesel to Netherlands split by Poland's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Belgium | 23,792 | 13.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Poland | 18,946 | 39.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Poland's road diesel to Netherlands split by Poland's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Germany | 18,582 | 13.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 17,888 | 10.1% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany | 17,075 | 12.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | United Arab Emirates | 14,789 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 12,943 | 7.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Belgium | 12,642 | 7.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Germany | 12,287 | 8.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Belgium | 11,131 | 6.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Belgium | 9,204 | 5.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Denmark | 8,631 | 38.6% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Iraq | Germany | 8,091 | 5.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Denmark | 6,776 | 30.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Denmark's road diesel to Netherlands split by Denmark's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Germany | 5,956 | 4.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Sweden | 5,565 | 62.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Netherlands split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Finland | 5,293 | 66.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Finland's road diesel to Netherlands split by Finland's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Germany | 4,729 | 3.4% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Germany | 4,517 | 3.2% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Norway | Denmark | 3,174 | 14.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Denmark's road diesel to Netherlands split by Denmark's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Denmark | 2,722 | 12.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Denmark's road diesel to Netherlands split by Denmark's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Poland | 2,124 | 4.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Poland's road diesel to Netherlands split by Poland's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Poland | 1,497 | 3.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Poland's road diesel to Netherlands split by Poland's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Sweden | 1,479 | 16.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Netherlands split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Sweden | 1,391 | 15.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Netherlands split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Germany | 1,185 | 0.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Finland | 1,091 | 13.8% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Denmark | 1,074 | 4.8% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Belgium | 1,019 | 0.6% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| United States | Finland | 976 | 12.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Finland's road diesel to Netherlands split by Finland's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Poland | 792 | 1.7% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| United Kingdom | Finland | 328 | 4.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Finland's road diesel to Netherlands split by Finland's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Sweden | 272 | 3.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Netherlands split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Finland | 243 | 3.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Finland's road diesel to Netherlands split by Finland's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Sweden | 152 | 1.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Netherlands split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
Source & method
Source Period 2023-10 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2023-10 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the countries whose refineries made it. Right: Netherlands’s supply of road diesel in 2023-10, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2023-10 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2023-08 to 2023-10.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Qatar: no crude data (87,473 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported (49,603 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- China: no crude data (31,763 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Kuwait: no crude data (27,112 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (23,691 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (16,050 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: no crude data (14,789 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only; fuel re-exported through a supplier is not followed further.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.