Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In October 2023, the Netherlands' jet fuel supply was 1,023 kt: 68% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Kuwait (12%), the United Arab Emirates (9%) and Saudi Arabia (5%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the United States (19%), Norway (12%) and the United Kingdom (8%), and 32% cannot be traced.
Country
United States193 kt (est. 19%)Norway122 kt (est. 12%)United Kingdom85 kt (est. 8%)Iraq80 kt (est. 8%)Brazil66 kt (est. 6%)Nigeria49 kt (est. 5%)Kazakhstan33 kt (est. 3%)Other crude origins67 kt (est. 7%)Kuwait: no crude data122 kt (12%)United Arab Emirates: no crude data89 kt (9%)Saudi Arabia: no crude data54 kt (5%)China: no crude data39 kt (4%)Netherlands: crude origin not reported24 kt (2%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported1.8 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.4 kt (<1%)Netherlands (own refineries)696 kt (68%)Kuwait122 kt (12%)United Arab Emirates89 kt (9%)Saudi Arabia54 kt (5%)China39 kt (4%)Belgium14 kt (1%)Germany8.8 kt (<1%)France0.3 kt (<1%)Polandless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Spainless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Italyless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Netherlands: jet fuel supply1.02 Mt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Netherlands (own refineries)
- Kuwait
- United Arab Emirates
- Saudi Arabia
- China
- Belgium
- Germany
- France
- Other (3)
- United States193 kt (est. 19%)
- Norway122 kt (est. 12%)
- United Kingdom85 kt (est. 8%)
- Iraq80 kt (est. 8%)
- Brazil66 kt (est. 6%)
- Nigeria49 kt (est. 5%)
- Kazakhstan33 kt (est. 3%)
- Other crude origins67 kt (est. 7%)
- Kuwait: no crude data122 kt (12%)
- United Arab Emirates: no crude data89 kt (9%)
- Saudi Arabia: no crude data54 kt (5%)
- China: no crude data39 kt (4%)
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported24 kt (2%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported1.8 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.4 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Netherlands (own refineries) | Netherlands: jet fuel supply | 696,325 | 68.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Kuwait | Netherlands: jet fuel supply | 122,408 | 12.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| United Arab Emirates | Netherlands: jet fuel supply | 88,676 | 8.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Saudi Arabia | Netherlands: jet fuel supply | 53,975 | 5.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| China | Netherlands: jet fuel supply | 38,648 | 3.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Belgium | Netherlands: jet fuel supply | 14,374 | 1.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Germany | Netherlands: jet fuel supply | 8,772 | 0.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| United States | Netherlands (own refineries) | 189,232 | 27.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Kuwait: no crude data | Kuwait | 122,408 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Norway | Netherlands (own refineries) | 118,118 | 17.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| United Arab Emirates: no crude data | United Arab Emirates | 88,676 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands (own refineries) | 82,779 | 11.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Netherlands (own refineries) | 77,999 | 11.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Netherlands (own refineries) | 65,089 | 9.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands (own refineries) | 61,851 | 8.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia: no crude data | Saudi Arabia | 53,975 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands (own refineries) | 47,287 | 6.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| China: no crude data | China | 38,648 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands (own refineries) | 30,465 | 4.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Netherlands: crude origin not reported | Netherlands (own refineries) | 23,506 | 3.4% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Other crude origins | Germany | 2,617 | 29.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Belgium | 2,528 | 17.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium | 2,389 | 16.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 2,248 | 15.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Belgium | 1,935 | 13.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Germany | 1,611 | 18.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 1,455 | 10.1% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Norway | Germany | 1,166 | 13.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany | 1,071 | 12.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 1,053 | 7.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Belgium | 1,028 | 7.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Belgium | 905 | 6.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Germany | 771 | 8.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Belgium | 749 | 5.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Germany | 508 | 5.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Germany | 374 | 4.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Germany | 297 | 3.4% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Germany | 283 | 3.2% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Other crude origins | France | 89 | 35.4% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Belgium | 83 | 0.6% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Brazil | Germany | 74 | 0.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | France | 53 | 21.3% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | France | 25 | 10.1% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | France | 23 | 9.1% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | France | 21 | 8.2% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | France | 17 | 6.8% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Poland | 14 | 50.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Poland's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Poland's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Poland | 11 | 39.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Poland's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Poland's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | France | 10 | 4.0% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Other crude origins | Spain | 7 | 47.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | France | 7 | 2.7% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Brazil | France | 5 | 2.0% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Italy | 4 | 51.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Spain | 2 | 15.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Spain | 2 | 14.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Spain | 2 | 11.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Italy | 1 | 15.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Poland | 1 | 4.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Poland's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Poland's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | France | 1 | 0.4% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Poland | 1 | 3.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Poland's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Poland's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Italy | 1 | 9.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Italy | 1 | 8.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Spain | 1 | 4.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Poland | 0 | 1.7% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Nigeria | Italy | 0 | 4.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Spain | 0 | 2.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Italy | 0 | 3.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Spain | 0 | 1.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Italy | 0 | 3.1% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Italy | 0 | 3.1% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Spain | 0 | 0.8% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United Kingdom | Italy | 0 | 1.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Spain | 0 | 0.3% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| United Kingdom | Spain | 0 | 0.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
4 flows with a share under 0.1% are not listed here. They are still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2023-10 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2023-10 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Netherlands’s supply of jet fuel in 2023-10, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2023-10 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2023-08 to 2023-10.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Kuwait: no crude data (122,408 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- United Arab Emirates: no crude data (88,676 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Saudi Arabia: no crude data (53,975 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- China: no crude data (38,648 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported (23,506 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (1,762 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (374 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.