Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In October 2023, the Netherlands' petrol supply was 997 kt: 41% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Belgium (18%), Germany (10%) and Spain (5%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the United States (20%), Norway (15%) and the United Kingdom (10%), and 19% cannot be traced.
Country
United States196 kt (est. 20%)Norway154 kt (est. 15%)United Kingdom95 kt (est. 10%)Iraq70 kt (est. 7%)Brazil56 kt (est. 6%)Nigeria52 kt (est. 5%)Kazakhstan47 kt (est. 5%)Other crude origins138 kt (est. 14%)United Kingdom: no crude data52 kt (5%)Türkiye: no crude data26 kt (3%)United States: no crude data25 kt (3%)Algeria: no crude data22 kt (2%)Denmark: crude not from imports19 kt (2%)Belgium: crude origin not reported18 kt (2%)Netherlands: crude origin not reported14 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported7.3 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports5.4 kt (<1%)Netherlands (own refineries)410 kt (41%)Belgium176 kt (18%)Germany96 kt (10%)Spain53 kt (5%)United Kingdom52 kt (5%)Denmark50 kt (5%)Sweden50 kt (5%)Italy37 kt (4%)Türkiye26 kt (3%)United States25 kt (3%)Algeria22 kt (2%)Netherlands: petrol supply997 kt (100%)
Tap a country to follow its flows. Tap it again, or use the close button, to clear.
Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Netherlands (own refineries)
- Belgium
- Germany
- Spain
- United Kingdom
- Denmark
- Sweden
- Italy
- Other (3)
- United States196 kt (est. 20%)
- Norway154 kt (est. 15%)
- United Kingdom95 kt (est. 10%)
- Iraq70 kt (est. 7%)
- Brazil56 kt (est. 6%)
- Nigeria52 kt (est. 5%)
- Kazakhstan47 kt (est. 5%)
- Other crude origins138 kt (est. 14%)
- United Kingdom: no crude data52 kt (5%)
- Türkiye: no crude data26 kt (3%)
- United States: no crude data25 kt (3%)
- Algeria: no crude data22 kt (2%)
- Denmark: crude not from imports19 kt (2%)
- Belgium: crude origin not reported18 kt (2%)
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported14 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported7.3 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports5.4 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Netherlands (own refineries) | Netherlands: petrol supply | 410,333 | 41.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Belgium | Netherlands: petrol supply | 175,909 | 17.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Germany | Netherlands: petrol supply | 96,294 | 9.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Spain | Netherlands: petrol supply | 52,696 | 5.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands: petrol supply | 51,959 | 5.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Denmark | Netherlands: petrol supply | 50,454 | 5.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Sweden | Netherlands: petrol supply | 49,721 | 5.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Italy | Netherlands: petrol supply | 36,957 | 3.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Türkiye | Netherlands: petrol supply | 25,672 | 2.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| United States | Netherlands: petrol supply | 25,315 | 2.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Algeria | Netherlands: petrol supply | 21,720 | 2.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| United States | Netherlands (own refineries) | 111,511 | 27.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands (own refineries) | 69,605 | 17.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom: no crude data | United Kingdom | 51,959 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands (own refineries) | 48,780 | 11.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Netherlands (own refineries) | 45,963 | 11.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Netherlands (own refineries) | 38,356 | 9.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands (own refineries) | 36,448 | 8.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Sweden | 31,232 | 62.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to Netherlands split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Belgium | 30,942 | 17.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium | 29,239 | 16.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Germany | 28,723 | 29.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands (own refineries) | 27,865 | 6.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 27,515 | 15.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Türkiye: no crude data | Türkiye | 25,672 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United States: no crude data | United States | 25,315 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Other crude origins | Spain | 25,250 | 47.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Belgium | 23,683 | 13.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria: no crude data | Algeria | 21,720 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Denmark: crude not from imports | Denmark | 19,460 | 38.6% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Other crude origins | Italy | 19,030 | 51.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Netherlands split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands (own refineries) | 17,952 | 4.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Belgium: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 17,805 | 10.1% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United States | Germany | 17,683 | 18.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Denmark | 15,277 | 30.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Denmark's petrol to Netherlands split by Denmark's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Netherlands: crude origin not reported | Netherlands (own refineries) | 13,852 | 3.4% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 12,884 | 7.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Germany | 12,800 | 13.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Belgium | 12,584 | 7.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany | 11,762 | 12.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Belgium | 11,080 | 6.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Belgium | 9,162 | 5.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Germany | 8,464 | 8.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Spain | 8,403 | 15.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Sweden | 8,302 | 16.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to Netherlands split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Sweden | 7,805 | 15.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to Netherlands split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Spain | 7,785 | 14.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Denmark | 7,157 | 14.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Denmark's petrol to Netherlands split by Denmark's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Denmark | 6,138 | 12.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Denmark's petrol to Netherlands split by Denmark's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Spain | 5,996 | 11.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Italy | 5,605 | 15.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Netherlands split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Germany | 5,574 | 5.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Germany | 4,103 | 4.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Italy | 3,321 | 9.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Netherlands split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Italy | 3,299 | 8.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Netherlands split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Germany | 3,258 | 3.4% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Germany | 3,111 | 3.2% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Denmark | 2,422 | 4.8% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Iraq | Spain | 2,338 | 4.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Italy | 1,689 | 4.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Netherlands split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Sweden | 1,527 | 3.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to Netherlands split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Italy | 1,338 | 3.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Netherlands split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Spain | 1,245 | 2.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Italy | 1,153 | 3.1% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Italy | 1,135 | 3.1% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Belgium | 1,014 | 0.6% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Norway | Spain | 968 | 1.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Sweden | 855 | 1.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to Netherlands split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Germany | 816 | 0.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Spain | 436 | 0.8% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United Kingdom | Italy | 387 | 1.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Netherlands split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Spain | 168 | 0.3% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| United Kingdom | Spain | 105 | 0.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
Source & method
Source Period 2023-10 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2023-10 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Netherlands’s supply of petrol in 2023-10, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2023-10 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2023-08 to 2023-10.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- United Kingdom: no crude data (51,959 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Türkiye: no crude data (25,672 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- United States: no crude data (25,315 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Algeria: no crude data (21,720 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Denmark: crude not from imports (19,460 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Belgium: crude origin not reported (17,805 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported (13,852 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (7,269 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (5,429 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.