Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In November 2023, the Netherlands' jet fuel supply was 855 kt: 72% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Kuwait (12%), Malaysia (9%) and Saudi Arabia (5%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the United States (20%), Norway (10%) and Iraq (9%), and 29% cannot be traced.
Country
United States175 kt (est. 20%)Norway82 kt (est. 10%)Iraq74 kt (est. 9%)United Kingdom73 kt (est. 9%)Nigeria69 kt (est. 8%)Brazil51 kt (est. 6%)Kazakhstan29 kt (est. 3%)Other crude origins52 kt (est. 6%)Kuwait: no crude data103 kt (12%)Malaysia: no crude data74 kt (9%)Saudi Arabia: no crude data43 kt (5%)Netherlands: crude origin not reported30 kt (4%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported1.5 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: no crude data0.1 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.1 kt (<1%)Netherlands (own refineries)615 kt (72%)Kuwait103 kt (12%)Malaysia74 kt (9%)Saudi Arabia43 kt (5%)Belgium18 kt (2%)Germany1.4 kt (<1%)France0.3 kt (<1%)South Korea0.1 kt (<1%)Polandless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Czechialess than 0.1 kt (<1%)Spainless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Netherlands: jet fuel supply855 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Netherlands (own refineries)
- Kuwait
- Malaysia
- Saudi Arabia
- Belgium
- Germany
- France
- South Korea
- Other (3)
- United States175 kt (est. 20%)
- Norway82 kt (est. 10%)
- Iraq74 kt (est. 9%)
- United Kingdom73 kt (est. 9%)
- Nigeria69 kt (est. 8%)
- Brazil51 kt (est. 6%)
- Kazakhstan29 kt (est. 3%)
- Other crude origins52 kt (est. 6%)
- Kuwait: no crude data103 kt (12%)
- Malaysia: no crude data74 kt (9%)
- Saudi Arabia: no crude data43 kt (5%)
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported30 kt (4%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported1.5 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: no crude data0.1 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.1 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Netherlands (own refineries) | Netherlands: jet fuel supply | 615,339 | 72.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Kuwait | Netherlands: jet fuel supply | 103,147 | 12.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Malaysia | Netherlands: jet fuel supply | 73,822 | 8.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Saudi Arabia | Netherlands: jet fuel supply | 42,777 | 5.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Belgium | Netherlands: jet fuel supply | 18,101 | 2.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Germany | Netherlands: jet fuel supply | 1,425 | 0.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| United States | Netherlands (own refineries) | 170,886 | 27.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Kuwait: no crude data | Kuwait | 103,147 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Norway | Netherlands (own refineries) | 78,499 | 12.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Malaysia: no crude data | Malaysia | 73,822 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Iraq | Netherlands (own refineries) | 72,405 | 11.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands (own refineries) | 70,633 | 11.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands (own refineries) | 66,999 | 10.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Netherlands (own refineries) | 50,145 | 8.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands (own refineries) | 48,059 | 7.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia: no crude data | Saudi Arabia | 42,777 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Netherlands: crude origin not reported | Netherlands (own refineries) | 30,026 | 4.9% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands (own refineries) | 27,686 | 4.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium | 3,608 | 19.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 3,087 | 17.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Belgium | 2,762 | 15.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Belgium | 2,038 | 11.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Belgium | 1,510 | 8.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 1,390 | 7.7% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Iraq | Belgium | 1,322 | 7.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Belgium | 1,259 | 7.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 1,125 | 6.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Germany | 428 | 30.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Germany | 270 | 19.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Germany | 202 | 14.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany | 153 | 10.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | France | 113 | 36.1% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Germany | 99 | 6.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Germany | 85 | 5.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | South Korea | 70 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Germany | 67 | 4.7% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Nigeria | Germany | 64 | 4.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | France | 58 | 18.6% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Germany | 44 | 3.1% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Nigeria | France | 34 | 11.0% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | France | 30 | 9.8% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | France | 28 | 9.1% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | France | 24 | 7.6% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Czechia | 21 | 76.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Poland | 14 | 45.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Poland's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Poland's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Germany | 14 | 1.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Poland | 14 | 43.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Poland's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Poland's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Spain | 10 | 46.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | France | 8 | 2.6% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Brazil | France | 7 | 2.2% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | France | 5 | 1.5% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United Kingdom | France | 4 | 1.4% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Czechia | 4 | 13.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Spain | 3 | 14.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Spain | 3 | 14.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Spain | 3 | 11.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Czechia | 2 | 7.0% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United States | Poland | 2 | 4.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Poland's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Poland's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Poland | 1 | 3.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Poland's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Poland's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Spain | 1 | 4.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Czechia | 1 | 3.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Spain | 1 | 3.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Spain | 1 | 2.8% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Poland | 1 | 1.8% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Poland | 0 | 1.5% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Norway | Spain | 0 | 1.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Spain | 0 | 0.8% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United Kingdom | Spain | 0 | 0.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
5 flows with a share under 0.1% are not listed here. They are still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2023-11 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2023-11 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Netherlands’s supply of jet fuel in 2023-11, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2023-11 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2023-09 to 2023-11.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Kuwait: no crude data (103,147 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Malaysia: no crude data (73,822 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Saudi Arabia: no crude data (42,777 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported (30,026 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (1,465 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: no crude data (70 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (53 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.