Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In November 2023, the Netherlands' petrol supply was 914 kt: 35% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Belgium (29%), Germany (9%) and Sweden (5%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the United States (20%), Norway (17%) and the United Kingdom (9%), and 16% cannot be traced.
Country
United States185 kt (est. 20%)Norway154 kt (est. 17%)United Kingdom85 kt (est. 9%)Nigeria69 kt (est. 8%)Iraq65 kt (est. 7%)Brazil51 kt (est. 6%)Kazakhstan43 kt (est. 5%)Other crude origins115 kt (est. 13%)Algeria: no crude data41 kt (4%)United States: no crude data25 kt (3%)United Kingdom: no crude data22 kt (2%)Belgium: crude origin not reported20 kt (2%)Netherlands: crude origin not reported16 kt (2%)Denmark: crude not from imports9.4 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports7.8 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported5.6 kt (<1%)Netherlands (own refineries)325 kt (35%)Belgium267 kt (29%)Germany84 kt (9%)Sweden47 kt (5%)Algeria41 kt (4%)Finland38 kt (4%)Denmark26 kt (3%)United States25 kt (3%)Spain22 kt (2%)United Kingdom22 kt (2%)France18 kt (2%)Netherlands: petrol supply914 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Netherlands (own refineries)
- Belgium
- Germany
- Sweden
- Algeria
- Finland
- Denmark
- United States
- Other (3)
- United States185 kt (est. 20%)
- Norway154 kt (est. 17%)
- United Kingdom85 kt (est. 9%)
- Nigeria69 kt (est. 8%)
- Iraq65 kt (est. 7%)
- Brazil51 kt (est. 6%)
- Kazakhstan43 kt (est. 5%)
- Other crude origins115 kt (est. 13%)
- Algeria: no crude data41 kt (4%)
- United States: no crude data25 kt (3%)
- United Kingdom: no crude data22 kt (2%)
- Belgium: crude origin not reported20 kt (2%)
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported16 kt (2%)
- Denmark: crude not from imports9.4 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports7.8 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported5.6 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Netherlands (own refineries) | Netherlands: petrol supply | 324,576 | 35.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Belgium | Netherlands: petrol supply | 266,865 | 29.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Germany | Netherlands: petrol supply | 83,959 | 9.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Sweden | Netherlands: petrol supply | 47,185 | 5.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Algeria | Netherlands: petrol supply | 40,632 | 4.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Finland | Netherlands: petrol supply | 37,659 | 4.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Denmark | Netherlands: petrol supply | 25,782 | 2.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| United States | Netherlands: petrol supply | 25,464 | 2.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Spain | Netherlands: petrol supply | 22,392 | 2.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands: petrol supply | 21,572 | 2.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| France | Netherlands: petrol supply | 18,318 | 2.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| United States | Netherlands (own refineries) | 90,138 | 27.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium | 53,187 | 19.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 45,516 | 17.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands (own refineries) | 41,406 | 12.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Belgium | 40,726 | 15.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria: no crude data | Algeria | 40,632 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Iraq | Netherlands (own refineries) | 38,192 | 11.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands (own refineries) | 37,257 | 11.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands (own refineries) | 35,341 | 10.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Belgium | 30,041 | 11.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Sweden | 27,978 | 59.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to Netherlands split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Finland | 27,691 | 73.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Finland's petrol to Netherlands split by Finland's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Netherlands (own refineries) | 26,450 | 8.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| United States: no crude data | United States | 25,464 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands (own refineries) | 25,350 | 7.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Germany | 25,213 | 30.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Belgium | 22,266 | 8.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom: no crude data | United Kingdom | 21,572 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Belgium: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 20,495 | 7.7% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Iraq | Belgium | 19,497 | 7.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Belgium | 18,555 | 7.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 16,582 | 6.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Germany | 15,921 | 19.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Netherlands: crude origin not reported | Netherlands (own refineries) | 15,838 | 4.9% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands (own refineries) | 14,604 | 4.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Germany | 11,921 | 14.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Denmark | 10,423 | 40.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Denmark's petrol to Netherlands split by Denmark's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Spain | 10,319 | 46.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Denmark: crude not from imports | Denmark | 9,397 | 36.4% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany | 8,986 | 10.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Sweden | 8,370 | 17.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to Netherlands split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | France | 6,608 | 36.1% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Germany | 5,822 | 6.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Germany | 4,979 | 5.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Sweden | 4,972 | 10.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to Netherlands split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Finland | 4,060 | 10.8% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Germany | 3,953 | 4.7% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Nigeria | Germany | 3,761 | 4.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | France | 3,404 | 18.6% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Sweden | 3,283 | 7.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to Netherlands split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Spain | 3,247 | 14.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Finland | 3,217 | 8.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Finland's petrol to Netherlands split by Finland's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Spain | 3,139 | 14.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Denmark | 2,922 | 11.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Denmark's petrol to Netherlands split by Denmark's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Spain | 2,609 | 11.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Germany | 2,583 | 3.1% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Nigeria | France | 2,021 | 11.0% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Sweden | 2,002 | 4.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to Netherlands split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Denmark | 1,882 | 7.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Denmark's petrol to Netherlands split by Denmark's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | France | 1,789 | 9.8% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | France | 1,664 | 9.1% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Finland | 1,545 | 4.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Finland's petrol to Netherlands split by Finland's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | France | 1,397 | 7.6% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Denmark | 1,158 | 4.5% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Brazil | Finland | 1,146 | 3.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Finland's petrol to Netherlands split by Finland's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Spain | 991 | 4.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Germany | 822 | 1.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Spain | 805 | 3.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Spain | 630 | 2.8% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Brazil | Sweden | 579 | 1.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to Netherlands split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | France | 480 | 2.6% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Norway | Spain | 419 | 1.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | France | 410 | 2.2% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | France | 282 | 1.5% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United Kingdom | France | 263 | 1.4% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Spain | 189 | 0.8% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United Kingdom | Spain | 46 | 0.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
Source & method
Source Period 2023-11 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2023-11 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Netherlands’s supply of petrol in 2023-11, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2023-11 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2023-09 to 2023-11.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Algeria: no crude data (40,632 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- United States: no crude data (25,464 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- United Kingdom: no crude data (21,572 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Belgium: crude origin not reported (20,495 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported (15,838 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Denmark: crude not from imports (9,397 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (7,753 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (5,582 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.