Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In December 2023, the Netherlands' road diesel supply was 2,109 kt: 61% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from India (12%), Belgium (7%) and Germany (6%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the United States (19%), Norway (9%) and Nigeria (8%), and 29% cannot be traced.
Country
United States409 kt (est. 19%)Norway181 kt (est. 9%)Nigeria168 kt (est. 8%)Iraq156 kt (est. 7%)Brazil147 kt (est. 7%)United Kingdom135 kt (est. 6%)Kazakhstan116 kt (est. 6%)Other crude origins187 kt (est. 9%)India: no crude data248 kt (12%)Qatar: no crude data105 kt (5%)Netherlands: crude origin not reported80 kt (4%)United States: no crude data62 kt (3%)Kuwait: no crude data58 kt (3%)Smaller flows: no crude data31 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported23 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports2.2 kt (<1%)Netherlands (own refineries)1.28 Mt (61%)India248 kt (12%)Belgium155 kt (7%)Germany125 kt (6%)Qatar105 kt (5%)United States62 kt (3%)Kuwait58 kt (3%)Spain32 kt (2%)Singapore20 kt (<1%)Italy15 kt (<1%)China12 kt (<1%)Netherlands: road diesel supply2.11 Mt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Netherlands (own refineries)
- India
- Belgium
- Germany
- Qatar
- United States
- Kuwait
- Spain
- Other (3)
- United States409 kt (est. 19%)
- Norway181 kt (est. 9%)
- Nigeria168 kt (est. 8%)
- Iraq156 kt (est. 7%)
- Brazil147 kt (est. 7%)
- United Kingdom135 kt (est. 6%)
- Kazakhstan116 kt (est. 6%)
- Other crude origins187 kt (est. 9%)
- India: no crude data248 kt (12%)
- Qatar: no crude data105 kt (5%)
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported80 kt (4%)
- United States: no crude data62 kt (3%)
- Kuwait: no crude data58 kt (3%)
- Smaller flows: no crude data31 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported23 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports2.2 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Netherlands (own refineries) | Netherlands: road diesel supply | 1,277,472 | 60.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| India | Netherlands: road diesel supply | 247,977 | 11.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Belgium | Netherlands: road diesel supply | 155,072 | 7.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Germany | Netherlands: road diesel supply | 125,310 | 5.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Qatar | Netherlands: road diesel supply | 104,631 | 5.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| United States | Netherlands: road diesel supply | 62,429 | 3.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Kuwait | Netherlands: road diesel supply | 57,707 | 2.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Spain | Netherlands: road diesel supply | 31,807 | 1.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Singapore | Netherlands: road diesel supply | 19,536 | 0.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Italy | Netherlands: road diesel supply | 14,956 | 0.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| China | Netherlands: road diesel supply | 11,804 | 0.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| United States | Netherlands (own refineries) | 345,072 | 27.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| India: no crude data | India | 247,977 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands (own refineries) | 140,547 | 11.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Netherlands (own refineries) | 137,776 | 10.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands (own refineries) | 136,417 | 10.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Netherlands (own refineries) | 131,982 | 10.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands (own refineries) | 117,471 | 9.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Qatar: no crude data | Qatar | 104,631 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands (own refineries) | 101,513 | 7.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands (own refineries) | 86,220 | 6.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Netherlands: crude origin not reported | Netherlands (own refineries) | 80,474 | 6.3% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United States: no crude data | United States | 62,429 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Kuwait: no crude data | Kuwait | 57,707 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Other crude origins | Germany | 33,216 | 26.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 30,319 | 19.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Germany | 29,214 | 23.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium | 28,007 | 18.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Germany | 24,820 | 19.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | Singapore | 19,536 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Norway | Belgium | 19,364 | 12.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Belgium | 18,547 | 12.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Spain | 15,098 | 47.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 14,210 | 9.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 13,780 | 8.9% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany | 13,365 | 10.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Belgium | 12,734 | 8.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | China | 11,804 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Iraq | Belgium | 9,816 | 6.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Belgium | 7,896 | 5.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Germany | 7,750 | 6.2% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Other crude origins | Italy | 6,888 | 46.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Netherlands split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Germany | 5,138 | 4.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Spain | 4,936 | 15.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Germany | 4,933 | 3.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Germany | 4,741 | 3.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Spain | 4,493 | 14.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Spain | 2,834 | 8.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Germany | 2,134 | 1.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Spain | 1,676 | 5.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Italy | 1,641 | 11.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Netherlands split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Italy | 1,600 | 10.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Netherlands split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Italy | 1,568 | 10.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Netherlands split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Spain | 1,025 | 3.2% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Kazakhstan | Spain | 997 | 3.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Italy | 861 | 5.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Netherlands split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Italy | 754 | 5.0% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Italy | 725 | 4.8% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Norway | Spain | 480 | 1.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Belgium | 399 | 0.3% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| United Kingdom | Italy | 398 | 2.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Netherlands split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Italy | 327 | 2.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Netherlands split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Spain | 267 | 0.8% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Brazil | Italy | 195 | 1.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Netherlands split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
Source & method
Source Period 2023-12 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2023-12 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Netherlands’s supply of road diesel in 2023-12, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2023-12 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2023-10 to 2023-12.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- India: no crude data (247,977 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Qatar: no crude data (104,631 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported (80,474 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- United States: no crude data (62,429 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Kuwait: no crude data (57,707 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: no crude data (31,340 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (22,522 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (2,178 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.