Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In December 2023, the Netherlands' jet fuel supply was 1,043 kt: 69% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from the United Arab Emirates (9%), Kuwait (8%) and Singapore (5%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the United States (19%), Nigeria (8%) and Norway (8%), and 33% cannot be traced.
Country
United States198 kt (est. 19%)Nigeria81 kt (est. 8%)Norway80 kt (est. 8%)Iraq79 kt (est. 8%)Brazil75 kt (est. 7%)United Kingdom68 kt (est. 6%)Kazakhstan51 kt (est. 5%)Other crude origins62 kt (est. 6%)United Arab Emirates: no crude data93 kt (9%)Kuwait: no crude data81 kt (8%)Singapore: no crude data57 kt (5%)Netherlands: crude origin not reported45 kt (4%)India: no crude data40 kt (4%)Türkiye: no crude data29 kt (3%)Smaller flows: no crude data2.2 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported1.9 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from importsless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Netherlands (own refineries)718 kt (69%)United Arab Emirates93 kt (9%)Kuwait81 kt (8%)Singapore57 kt (5%)India40 kt (4%)Türkiye29 kt (3%)Belgium18 kt (2%)Germany4.3 kt (<1%)China2.2 kt (<1%)Franceless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Polandless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Netherlands: jet fuel supply1.04 Mt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Netherlands (own refineries)
- United Arab Emirates
- Kuwait
- Singapore
- India
- Türkiye
- Belgium
- Germany
- Other (3)
- United States198 kt (est. 19%)
- Nigeria81 kt (est. 8%)
- Norway80 kt (est. 8%)
- Iraq79 kt (est. 8%)
- Brazil75 kt (est. 7%)
- United Kingdom68 kt (est. 6%)
- Kazakhstan51 kt (est. 5%)
- Other crude origins62 kt (est. 6%)
- United Arab Emirates: no crude data93 kt (9%)
- Kuwait: no crude data81 kt (8%)
- Singapore: no crude data57 kt (5%)
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported45 kt (4%)
- India: no crude data40 kt (4%)
- Türkiye: no crude data29 kt (3%)
- Smaller flows: no crude data2.2 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported1.9 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from importsless than 0.1 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Netherlands (own refineries) | Netherlands: jet fuel supply | 718,407 | 68.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| United Arab Emirates | Netherlands: jet fuel supply | 93,192 | 8.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Kuwait | Netherlands: jet fuel supply | 81,369 | 7.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Singapore | Netherlands: jet fuel supply | 56,665 | 5.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| India | Netherlands: jet fuel supply | 39,615 | 3.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Türkiye | Netherlands: jet fuel supply | 28,652 | 2.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Belgium | Netherlands: jet fuel supply | 18,429 | 1.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Germany | Netherlands: jet fuel supply | 4,345 | 0.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| China | Netherlands: jet fuel supply | 2,205 | 0.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| United States | Netherlands (own refineries) | 194,057 | 27.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| United Arab Emirates: no crude data | United Arab Emirates | 93,192 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Kuwait: no crude data | Kuwait | 81,369 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands (own refineries) | 79,039 | 11.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Netherlands (own refineries) | 77,481 | 10.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands (own refineries) | 76,716 | 10.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Netherlands (own refineries) | 74,222 | 10.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands (own refineries) | 66,062 | 9.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands (own refineries) | 57,087 | 7.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Singapore: no crude data | Singapore | 56,665 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands (own refineries) | 48,487 | 6.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Netherlands: crude origin not reported | Netherlands (own refineries) | 45,256 | 6.3% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| India: no crude data | India | 39,615 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Türkiye: no crude data | Türkiye | 28,652 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 3,603 | 19.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium | 3,328 | 18.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Belgium | 2,301 | 12.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | China | 2,205 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Nigeria | Belgium | 2,204 | 12.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 1,689 | 9.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 1,638 | 8.9% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United Kingdom | Belgium | 1,513 | 8.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Belgium | 1,167 | 6.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Germany | 1,152 | 26.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Germany | 1,013 | 23.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Belgium | 938 | 5.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Germany | 861 | 19.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany | 463 | 10.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Germany | 269 | 6.2% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Iraq | Germany | 178 | 4.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Germany | 171 | 3.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Germany | 164 | 3.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Germany | 74 | 1.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Belgium | 47 | 0.3% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Other crude origins | Poland | 12 | 46.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Poland's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Poland's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Poland | 11 | 39.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Poland's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Poland's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | France | 10 | 36.4% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | France | 6 | 20.4% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | France | 3 | 11.9% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | France | 3 | 11.8% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | France | 2 | 7.2% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | France | 2 | 6.4% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Poland | 1 | 4.1% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| United Kingdom | Poland | 1 | 3.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Poland's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Poland's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Poland | 1 | 3.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Poland's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Poland's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | France | 1 | 2.3% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | France | 1 | 2.2% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Poland | 1 | 2.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Poland's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Poland's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | France | 0 | 1.6% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Poland | 0 | 1.5% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
2 flows with a share under 0.1% are not listed here. They are still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2023-12 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2023-12 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Netherlands’s supply of jet fuel in 2023-12, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2023-12 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2023-10 to 2023-12.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- United Arab Emirates: no crude data (93,192 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Kuwait: no crude data (81,369 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Singapore: no crude data (56,665 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported (45,256 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- India: no crude data (39,615 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Türkiye: no crude data (28,652 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: no crude data (2,205 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (1,907 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (49 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.