Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In December 2023, the Netherlands' petrol supply was 928 kt: 34% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Belgium (21%), Germany (9%) and Algeria (7%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the United States (19%), Norway (14%) and Nigeria (8%), and 22% cannot be traced.
Country
United States175 kt (est. 19%)Norway129 kt (est. 14%)Nigeria74 kt (est. 8%)United Kingdom57 kt (est. 6%)Iraq55 kt (est. 6%)Kazakhstan55 kt (est. 6%)Brazil53 kt (est. 6%)Other crude origins125 kt (est. 14%)Algeria: no crude data62 kt (7%)United Kingdom: no crude data56 kt (6%)United States: no crude data29 kt (3%)Netherlands: crude origin not reported20 kt (2%)Belgium: crude origin not reported18 kt (2%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports11 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported8.3 kt (<1%)Netherlands (own refineries)313 kt (34%)Belgium199 kt (21%)Germany88 kt (9%)Algeria62 kt (7%)United Kingdom56 kt (6%)Spain49 kt (5%)Finland41 kt (4%)France38 kt (4%)Denmark32 kt (3%)United States29 kt (3%)Sweden20 kt (2%)Netherlands: petrol supply928 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Netherlands (own refineries)
- Belgium
- Germany
- Algeria
- United Kingdom
- Spain
- Finland
- France
- Other (3)
- United States175 kt (est. 19%)
- Norway129 kt (est. 14%)
- Nigeria74 kt (est. 8%)
- United Kingdom57 kt (est. 6%)
- Iraq55 kt (est. 6%)
- Kazakhstan55 kt (est. 6%)
- Brazil53 kt (est. 6%)
- Other crude origins125 kt (est. 14%)
- Algeria: no crude data62 kt (7%)
- United Kingdom: no crude data56 kt (6%)
- United States: no crude data29 kt (3%)
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported20 kt (2%)
- Belgium: crude origin not reported18 kt (2%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports11 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported8.3 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Netherlands (own refineries) | Netherlands: petrol supply | 312,782 | 33.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Belgium | Netherlands: petrol supply | 199,189 | 21.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Germany | Netherlands: petrol supply | 87,860 | 9.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Algeria | Netherlands: petrol supply | 61,823 | 6.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands: petrol supply | 55,965 | 6.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Spain | Netherlands: petrol supply | 48,663 | 5.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Finland | Netherlands: petrol supply | 41,379 | 4.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| France | Netherlands: petrol supply | 38,415 | 4.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Denmark | Netherlands: petrol supply | 32,408 | 3.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| United States | Netherlands: petrol supply | 29,472 | 3.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Sweden | Netherlands: petrol supply | 19,918 | 2.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| United States | Netherlands (own refineries) | 84,489 | 27.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria: no crude data | Algeria | 61,823 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United Kingdom: no crude data | United Kingdom | 55,965 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 38,945 | 19.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Finland | 36,708 | 88.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Finland's petrol to Netherlands split by Finland's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium | 35,974 | 18.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands (own refineries) | 34,412 | 11.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Netherlands (own refineries) | 33,734 | 10.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands (own refineries) | 33,401 | 10.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Netherlands (own refineries) | 32,315 | 10.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| United States: no crude data | United States | 29,472 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands (own refineries) | 28,762 | 9.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Belgium | 24,872 | 12.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands (own refineries) | 24,855 | 7.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Belgium | 23,823 | 12.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Germany | 23,289 | 26.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Spain | 23,100 | 47.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands (own refineries) | 21,110 | 6.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Germany | 20,483 | 23.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Netherlands: crude origin not reported | Netherlands (own refineries) | 19,704 | 6.3% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 18,253 | 9.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Belgium: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 17,701 | 8.9% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Norway | Germany | 17,402 | 19.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Belgium | 16,357 | 8.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Denmark | 15,018 | 46.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Denmark's petrol to Netherlands split by Denmark's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | France | 13,983 | 36.4% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Belgium | 12,608 | 6.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Sweden | 10,754 | 54.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to Netherlands split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Belgium | 10,142 | 5.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany | 9,371 | 10.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Denmark | 8,547 | 26.4% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| United States | France | 7,823 | 20.4% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Spain | 7,552 | 15.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Spain | 6,874 | 14.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Germany | 5,434 | 6.2% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Nigeria | France | 4,555 | 11.9% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | France | 4,529 | 11.8% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Spain | 4,336 | 8.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Germany | 3,603 | 4.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Sweden | 3,556 | 17.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to Netherlands split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Germany | 3,459 | 3.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Germany | 3,324 | 3.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Denmark | 3,030 | 9.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Denmark's petrol to Netherlands split by Denmark's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | France | 2,776 | 7.2% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Denmark | 2,585 | 8.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Denmark's petrol to Netherlands split by Denmark's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Spain | 2,565 | 5.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | France | 2,445 | 6.4% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Sweden | 1,904 | 9.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to Netherlands split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Sweden | 1,863 | 9.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to Netherlands split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Denmark | 1,778 | 5.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Denmark's petrol to Netherlands split by Denmark's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Finland | 1,678 | 4.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Finland's petrol to Netherlands split by Finland's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Finland | 1,643 | 4.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Finland's petrol to Netherlands split by Finland's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Spain | 1,568 | 3.2% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Kazakhstan | Spain | 1,526 | 3.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Germany | 1,496 | 1.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Denmark | 1,449 | 4.5% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Brazil | Finland | 1,246 | 3.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Finland's petrol to Netherlands split by Finland's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Sweden | 1,177 | 5.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to Netherlands split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | France | 869 | 2.3% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | France | 836 | 2.2% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Spain | 734 | 1.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | France | 598 | 1.6% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Belgium | 513 | 0.3% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Sweden | 433 | 2.2% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Spain | 408 | 0.8% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Brazil | Sweden | 232 | 1.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to Netherlands split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Finland | 104 | 0.3% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
Source & method
Source Period 2023-12 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2023-12 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Netherlands’s supply of petrol in 2023-12, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2023-12 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2023-10 to 2023-12.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Algeria: no crude data (61,823 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- United Kingdom: no crude data (55,965 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- United States: no crude data (29,472 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported (19,704 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Belgium: crude origin not reported (17,701 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (10,731 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (8,322 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.