Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In January 2024, the Netherlands' road diesel supply was 2,497 kt: 55% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from India (18%), Belgium (8%) and Qatar (5%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the United States (18%), Norway (8%) and Nigeria (8%), and 39% cannot be traced.
Country
United States452 kt (est. 18%)Norway211 kt (est. 8%)Nigeria195 kt (est. 8%)United Kingdom149 kt (est. 6%)Brazil124 kt (est. 5%)Iraq107 kt (est. 4%)Kazakhstan86 kt (est. 3%)Other crude origins208 kt (est. 8%)India: no crude data446 kt (18%)Qatar: no crude data135 kt (5%)United States: no crude data89 kt (4%)Netherlands: crude origin not reported82 kt (3%)United Arab Emirates: no crude data62 kt (2%)China: no crude data42 kt (2%)Netherlands: crude not from imports39 kt (2%)United Kingdom: no crude data26 kt (1%)Smaller flows: no crude data23 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported19 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports2.2 kt (<1%)Netherlands (own refineries)1.37 Mt (55%)India446 kt (18%)Belgium197 kt (8%)Qatar135 kt (5%)United States89 kt (4%)Germany71 kt (3%)United Arab Emirates62 kt (2%)China42 kt (2%)France32 kt (1%)United Kingdom26 kt (1%)Singapore23 kt (<1%)Netherlands: road diesel supply2.50 Mt (100%)
Tap a country to follow its flows. Tap it again, or use the close button, to clear.
Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Netherlands (own refineries)
- India
- Belgium
- Qatar
- United States
- Germany
- United Arab Emirates
- China
- Other (3)
- United States452 kt (est. 18%)
- Norway211 kt (est. 8%)
- Nigeria195 kt (est. 8%)
- United Kingdom149 kt (est. 6%)
- Brazil124 kt (est. 5%)
- Iraq107 kt (est. 4%)
- Kazakhstan86 kt (est. 3%)
- Other crude origins208 kt (est. 8%)
- India: no crude data446 kt (18%)
- Qatar: no crude data135 kt (5%)
- United States: no crude data89 kt (4%)
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported82 kt (3%)
- United Arab Emirates: no crude data62 kt (2%)
- China: no crude data42 kt (2%)
- Netherlands: crude not from imports39 kt (2%)
- United Kingdom: no crude data26 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: no crude data23 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported19 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports2.2 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Netherlands (own refineries) | Netherlands: road diesel supply | 1,373,505 | 55.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| India | Netherlands: road diesel supply | 446,418 | 17.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Belgium | Netherlands: road diesel supply | 196,928 | 7.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Qatar | Netherlands: road diesel supply | 135,367 | 5.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| United States | Netherlands: road diesel supply | 89,278 | 3.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Germany | Netherlands: road diesel supply | 71,016 | 2.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| United Arab Emirates | Netherlands: road diesel supply | 61,990 | 2.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| China | Netherlands: road diesel supply | 41,647 | 1.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| France | Netherlands: road diesel supply | 31,633 | 1.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands: road diesel supply | 26,044 | 1.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Singapore | Netherlands: road diesel supply | 22,907 | 0.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| India: no crude data | India | 446,418 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United States | Netherlands (own refineries) | 389,722 | 28.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands (own refineries) | 167,404 | 12.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands (own refineries) | 166,832 | 12.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Qatar: no crude data | Qatar | 135,367 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands (own refineries) | 134,918 | 9.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands (own refineries) | 130,137 | 9.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Netherlands (own refineries) | 114,145 | 8.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Netherlands (own refineries) | 95,081 | 6.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| United States: no crude data | United States | 89,278 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Netherlands: crude origin not reported | Netherlands (own refineries) | 81,973 | 6.0% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United Arab Emirates: no crude data | United Arab Emirates | 61,990 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands (own refineries) | 54,711 | 4.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 43,234 | 22.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| China: no crude data | China | 41,647 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United States | Belgium | 39,761 | 20.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Netherlands: crude not from imports | Netherlands (own refineries) | 38,582 | 2.8% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Norway | Belgium | 28,472 | 14.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom: no crude data | United Kingdom | 26,044 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | Singapore | 22,907 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Nigeria | Belgium | 22,430 | 11.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 19,203 | 9.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Germany | 18,395 | 25.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Germany | 16,343 | 23.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Germany | 14,475 | 20.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Belgium | 13,905 | 7.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 13,637 | 6.9% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Other crude origins | France | 11,003 | 34.8% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Belgium | 8,346 | 4.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Belgium | 7,939 | 4.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany | 7,392 | 10.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | France | 6,419 | 20.3% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | France | 4,502 | 14.2% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Germany | 4,340 | 6.1% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United Kingdom | Germany | 3,936 | 5.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | France | 3,685 | 11.6% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Germany | 1,773 | 2.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | France | 1,756 | 5.6% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Germany | 1,739 | 2.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Germany | 1,540 | 2.2% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Norway | France | 1,393 | 4.4% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | France | 1,297 | 4.1% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Germany | 1,082 | 1.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | France | 671 | 2.1% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | France | 524 | 1.7% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Brazil | France | 383 | 1.2% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
Source & method
Source Period 2024-01 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2024-01 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Netherlands’s supply of road diesel in 2024-01, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2024-01 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2023-11 to 2024-01.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- India: no crude data (446,418 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Qatar: no crude data (135,367 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- United States: no crude data (89,278 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported (81,973 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- United Arab Emirates: no crude data (61,990 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- China: no crude data (41,647 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Netherlands: crude not from imports (38,582 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- United Kingdom: no crude data (26,044 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: no crude data (22,907 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (18,501 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (2,211 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.