Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In January 2024, the Netherlands' jet fuel supply was 894 kt: 73% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Kuwait (13%) and Saudi Arabia (7%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the United States (21%), Nigeria (9%) and Norway (9%), and 31% cannot be traced.
Country
United States189 kt (est. 21%)Nigeria81 kt (est. 9%)Norway81 kt (est. 9%)United Kingdom63 kt (est. 7%)Brazil55 kt (est. 6%)Iraq46 kt (est. 5%)Kazakhstan28 kt (est. 3%)Other crude origins69 kt (est. 8%)Kuwait: no crude data113 kt (13%)Saudi Arabia: no crude data66 kt (7%)Netherlands: crude origin not reported39 kt (4%)India: no crude data22 kt (2%)Malaysia: no crude data22 kt (2%)Netherlands: crude not from imports18 kt (2%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.7 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.3 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: no crude data0.1 kt (<1%)Netherlands (own refineries)657 kt (73%)Kuwait113 kt (13%)Saudi Arabia66 kt (7%)India22 kt (2%)Malaysia22 kt (2%)Belgium4.9 kt (<1%)France4.5 kt (<1%)Italy2.6 kt (<1%)Germany2.4 kt (<1%)South Korea0.1 kt (<1%)Japanless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Netherlands: jet fuel supply894 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Netherlands (own refineries)
- Kuwait
- Saudi Arabia
- India
- Malaysia
- Belgium
- France
- Italy
- Other (3)
- United States189 kt (est. 21%)
- Nigeria81 kt (est. 9%)
- Norway81 kt (est. 9%)
- United Kingdom63 kt (est. 7%)
- Brazil55 kt (est. 6%)
- Iraq46 kt (est. 5%)
- Kazakhstan28 kt (est. 3%)
- Other crude origins69 kt (est. 8%)
- Kuwait: no crude data113 kt (13%)
- Saudi Arabia: no crude data66 kt (7%)
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported39 kt (4%)
- India: no crude data22 kt (2%)
- Malaysia: no crude data22 kt (2%)
- Netherlands: crude not from imports18 kt (2%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.7 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.3 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: no crude data0.1 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Netherlands (own refineries) | Netherlands: jet fuel supply | 656,611 | 73.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Kuwait | Netherlands: jet fuel supply | 112,558 | 12.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Saudi Arabia | Netherlands: jet fuel supply | 65,869 | 7.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| India | Netherlands: jet fuel supply | 22,192 | 2.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Malaysia | Netherlands: jet fuel supply | 21,848 | 2.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Belgium | Netherlands: jet fuel supply | 4,926 | 0.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| France | Netherlands: jet fuel supply | 4,546 | 0.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Italy | Netherlands: jet fuel supply | 2,584 | 0.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Germany | Netherlands: jet fuel supply | 2,417 | 0.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| United States | Netherlands (own refineries) | 186,308 | 28.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Kuwait: no crude data | Kuwait | 112,558 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands (own refineries) | 80,028 | 12.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands (own refineries) | 79,755 | 12.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia: no crude data | Saudi Arabia | 65,869 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands (own refineries) | 64,498 | 9.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands (own refineries) | 62,213 | 9.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Netherlands (own refineries) | 54,568 | 8.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Netherlands (own refineries) | 45,454 | 6.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Netherlands: crude origin not reported | Netherlands (own refineries) | 39,188 | 6.0% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands (own refineries) | 26,155 | 4.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| India: no crude data | India | 22,192 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Malaysia: no crude data | Malaysia | 21,848 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Netherlands: crude not from imports | Netherlands (own refineries) | 18,444 | 2.8% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Other crude origins | France | 1,581 | 34.8% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Italy | 1,115 | 43.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 1,081 | 22.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium | 995 | 20.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | France | 922 | 20.3% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Belgium | 712 | 14.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | France | 647 | 14.2% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Germany | 626 | 25.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Belgium | 561 | 11.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Germany | 556 | 23.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | France | 530 | 11.6% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Germany | 493 | 20.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 480 | 9.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Belgium | 348 | 7.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 341 | 6.9% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United States | Italy | 302 | 11.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Italy | 298 | 11.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | France | 252 | 5.6% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany | 252 | 10.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Italy | 249 | 9.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Belgium | 209 | 4.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | France | 200 | 4.4% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Belgium | 199 | 4.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | France | 186 | 4.1% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Italy | 164 | 6.4% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Nigeria | Italy | 155 | 6.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Germany | 148 | 6.1% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United Kingdom | Germany | 134 | 5.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Italy | 106 | 4.1% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | France | 96 | 2.1% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Norway | Italy | 79 | 3.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | France | 75 | 1.7% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United Kingdom | Italy | 70 | 2.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Germany | 60 | 2.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Germany | 59 | 2.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | South Korea | 59 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Brazil | France | 55 | 1.2% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Germany | 52 | 2.2% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Brazil | Italy | 47 | 1.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Germany | 37 | 1.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | Japan | 27 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
2 flows with a share under 0.1% are not listed here. They are still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2024-01 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2024-01 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Netherlands’s supply of jet fuel in 2024-01, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2024-01 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2023-11 to 2024-01.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Kuwait: no crude data (112,558 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Saudi Arabia: no crude data (65,869 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported (39,188 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- India: no crude data (22,192 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Malaysia: no crude data (21,848 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Netherlands: crude not from imports (18,444 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (670 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (313 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: no crude data (86 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.