Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In March 2024, the Netherlands' jet fuel supply was 1,014 kt: 48% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Kuwait (16%), India (15%) and the South Korea (8%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the United States (15%) and Norway (8%), and 50% cannot be traced.
Country
United States152 kt (est. 15%)Norway79 kt (est. 8%)United Kingdom45 kt (est. 4%)Kazakhstan44 kt (est. 4%)Saudi Arabia42 kt (est. 4%)Nigeria41 kt (est. 4%)Iraq33 kt (est. 3%)Other crude origins70 kt (est. 7%)Kuwait: no crude data164 kt (16%)India: no crude data151 kt (15%)South Korea: no crude data85 kt (8%)Bahrain: no crude data50 kt (5%)Netherlands: crude origin not reported29 kt (3%)United Arab Emirates: no crude data24 kt (2%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported4.2 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.6 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: no crude dataless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Netherlands (own refineries)488 kt (48%)Kuwait164 kt (16%)India151 kt (15%)South Korea85 kt (8%)Bahrain50 kt (5%)Germany39 kt (4%)United Arab Emirates24 kt (2%)Belgium13 kt (1%)France0.1 kt (<1%)Czechialess than 0.1 kt (<1%)United Statesless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Netherlands: jet fuel supply1.01 Mt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Netherlands (own refineries)
- Kuwait
- India
- South Korea
- Bahrain
- Germany
- United Arab Emirates
- Belgium
- Other (3)
- United States152 kt (est. 15%)
- Norway79 kt (est. 8%)
- United Kingdom45 kt (est. 4%)
- Kazakhstan44 kt (est. 4%)
- Saudi Arabia42 kt (est. 4%)
- Nigeria41 kt (est. 4%)
- Iraq33 kt (est. 3%)
- Other crude origins70 kt (est. 7%)
- Kuwait: no crude data164 kt (16%)
- India: no crude data151 kt (15%)
- South Korea: no crude data85 kt (8%)
- Bahrain: no crude data50 kt (5%)
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported29 kt (3%)
- United Arab Emirates: no crude data24 kt (2%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported4.2 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.6 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: no crude dataless than 0.1 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Netherlands (own refineries) | Netherlands: jet fuel supply | 487,736 | 48.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Kuwait | Netherlands: jet fuel supply | 164,288 | 16.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| India | Netherlands: jet fuel supply | 151,349 | 14.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| South Korea | Netherlands: jet fuel supply | 84,698 | 8.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Bahrain | Netherlands: jet fuel supply | 49,624 | 4.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Germany | Netherlands: jet fuel supply | 39,335 | 3.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| United Arab Emirates | Netherlands: jet fuel supply | 24,185 | 2.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Belgium | Netherlands: jet fuel supply | 12,617 | 1.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kuwait: no crude data | Kuwait | 164,288 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| India: no crude data | India | 151,349 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United States | Netherlands (own refineries) | 141,916 | 29.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| South Korea: no crude data | South Korea | 84,698 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Norway | Netherlands (own refineries) | 69,378 | 14.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands (own refineries) | 59,712 | 12.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Bahrain: no crude data | Bahrain | 49,624 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands (own refineries) | 40,664 | 8.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Netherlands (own refineries) | 39,368 | 8.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands (own refineries) | 38,696 | 7.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands (own refineries) | 37,270 | 7.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Netherlands (own refineries) | 31,729 | 6.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Netherlands: crude origin not reported | Netherlands (own refineries) | 29,004 | 5.9% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United Arab Emirates: no crude data | United Arab Emirates | 24,185 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Other crude origins | Germany | 8,307 | 21.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Germany | 7,527 | 19.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Germany | 7,471 | 19.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany | 4,956 | 12.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Germany | 3,862 | 9.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Germany | 3,332 | 8.5% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United States | Belgium | 2,629 | 20.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 2,421 | 19.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Belgium | 1,897 | 15.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Germany | 1,509 | 3.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 1,452 | 11.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Belgium | 1,365 | 10.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Germany | 1,011 | 2.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Belgium | 946 | 7.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 915 | 7.3% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Saudi Arabia | Germany | 785 | 2.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Belgium | 718 | 5.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Germany | 576 | 1.5% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Iraq | Belgium | 274 | 2.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Czechia | 34 | 81.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | United States | 30 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Other crude origins | France | 21 | 27.2% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | France | 16 | 20.6% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | France | 13 | 15.9% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | France | 11 | 14.0% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Czechia | 8 | 18.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | France | 5 | 6.4% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | France | 5 | 6.1% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | France | 3 | 3.7% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | France | 3 | 3.3% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | France | 2 | 2.4% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | France | 0 | 0.5% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
3 flows with a share under 0.1% are not listed here. They are still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2024-03 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2024-03 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Netherlands’s supply of jet fuel in 2024-03, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2024-03 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2024-01 to 2024-03.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Kuwait: no crude data (164,288 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- India: no crude data (151,349 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- South Korea: no crude data (84,698 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Bahrain: no crude data (49,624 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported (29,004 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- United Arab Emirates: no crude data (24,185 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (4,248 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (576 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: no crude data (30 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.