Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In March 2024, the Netherlands' petrol supply was 977 kt: 11% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Belgium (24%), Germany (17%) and the United Kingdom (13%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Norway (16%), the United States (14%) and Kazakhstan (7%), and 32% cannot be traced.
Country
Norway159 kt (est. 16%)United States138 kt (est. 14%)Kazakhstan65 kt (est. 7%)United Kingdom57 kt (est. 6%)Nigeria47 kt (est. 5%)Saudi Arabia43 kt (est. 4%)Libya26 kt (est. 3%)Other crude origins134 kt (est. 14%)United Kingdom: no crude data127 kt (13%)Saudi Arabia: no crude data52 kt (5%)Türkiye: no crude data48 kt (5%)India: no crude data34 kt (3%)Belgium: crude origin not reported17 kt (2%)Germany: crude origin not reported14 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported9.9 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports7.4 kt (<1%)Netherlands (own refineries)111 kt (11%)Belgium235 kt (24%)Germany166 kt (17%)United Kingdom127 kt (13%)Sweden62 kt (6%)Saudi Arabia52 kt (5%)Finland50 kt (5%)Türkiye48 kt (5%)Spain48 kt (5%)Italy45 kt (5%)India34 kt (3%)Netherlands: petrol supply977 kt (100%)
Tap a country to follow its flows. Tap it again, or use the close button, to clear.
Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Belgium
- Germany
- United Kingdom
- Netherlands (own refineries)
- Sweden
- Saudi Arabia
- Finland
- Türkiye
- Other (3)
- Norway159 kt (est. 16%)
- United States138 kt (est. 14%)
- Kazakhstan65 kt (est. 7%)
- United Kingdom57 kt (est. 6%)
- Nigeria47 kt (est. 5%)
- Saudi Arabia43 kt (est. 4%)
- Libya26 kt (est. 3%)
- Other crude origins134 kt (est. 14%)
- United Kingdom: no crude data127 kt (13%)
- Saudi Arabia: no crude data52 kt (5%)
- Türkiye: no crude data48 kt (5%)
- India: no crude data34 kt (3%)
- Belgium: crude origin not reported17 kt (2%)
- Germany: crude origin not reported14 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported9.9 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports7.4 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Belgium | Netherlands: petrol supply | 234,933 | 24.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Germany | Netherlands: petrol supply | 166,211 | 17.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands: petrol supply | 126,618 | 13.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Netherlands (own refineries) | Netherlands: petrol supply | 110,589 | 11.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Sweden | Netherlands: petrol supply | 62,370 | 6.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Saudi Arabia | Netherlands: petrol supply | 51,525 | 5.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Finland | Netherlands: petrol supply | 50,017 | 5.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Türkiye | Netherlands: petrol supply | 47,929 | 4.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Spain | Netherlands: petrol supply | 47,713 | 4.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Italy | Netherlands: petrol supply | 44,799 | 4.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| India | Netherlands: petrol supply | 33,996 | 3.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| United Kingdom: no crude data | United Kingdom | 126,618 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Saudi Arabia: no crude data | Saudi Arabia | 51,525 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 50,183 | 21.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium | 48,955 | 20.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Türkiye: no crude data | Türkiye | 47,929 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Norway | Finland | 40,560 | 81.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Finland's petrol to Netherlands split by Finland's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Belgium | 35,330 | 15.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| India: no crude data | India | 33,996 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Norway | Sweden | 33,861 | 54.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to Netherlands split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Netherlands (own refineries) | 32,178 | 29.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Germany | 31,804 | 19.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Germany | 31,570 | 19.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 27,042 | 11.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Germany | 26,534 | 16.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Belgium | 25,415 | 10.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Spain | 22,768 | 47.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany | 20,940 | 12.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands (own refineries) | 20,733 | 18.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Belgium | 17,608 | 7.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Belgium: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 17,036 | 7.3% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United Kingdom | Germany | 16,317 | 9.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands (own refineries) | 15,731 | 14.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Italy | 14,149 | 31.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Netherlands split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Germany: crude origin not reported | Germany | 14,078 | 8.5% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United Kingdom | Belgium | 13,363 | 5.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Germany | 12,840 | 7.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Sweden | 10,926 | 17.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to Netherlands split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Sweden | 10,434 | 16.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to Netherlands split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands (own refineries) | 9,220 | 8.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Netherlands (own refineries) | 8,926 | 8.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands (own refineries) | 8,774 | 7.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Italy | 8,621 | 19.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Netherlands split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands (own refineries) | 8,451 | 7.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Spain | 7,995 | 16.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Finland | 7,610 | 15.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Finland's petrol to Netherlands split by Finland's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Spain | 7,406 | 15.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Netherlands (own refineries) | 6,576 | 5.9% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Nigeria | Germany | 6,377 | 3.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Italy | 6,153 | 13.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Netherlands split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Italy | 4,674 | 10.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Netherlands split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Italy | 4,586 | 10.2% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Nigeria | Sweden | 4,348 | 7.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to Netherlands split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Germany | 3,319 | 2.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Spain | 3,275 | 6.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Italy | 2,717 | 6.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Netherlands split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Spain | 2,584 | 5.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Germany | 2,432 | 1.5% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Saudi Arabia | Italy | 2,293 | 5.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Netherlands split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Spain | 2,014 | 4.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Finland | 1,847 | 3.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Finland's petrol to Netherlands split by Finland's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Sweden | 1,757 | 2.8% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Libya | Sweden | 1,045 | 1.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to Netherlands split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Italy | 846 | 1.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Netherlands split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Spain | 810 | 1.7% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Italy | 759 | 1.7% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Norway | Spain | 480 | 1.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Spain | 381 | 0.8% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
Source & method
Source Period 2024-03 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2024-03 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Netherlands’s supply of petrol in 2024-03, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2024-03 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2024-01 to 2024-03.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- United Kingdom: no crude data (126,618 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Saudi Arabia: no crude data (51,525 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Türkiye: no crude data (47,929 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- India: no crude data (33,996 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Belgium: crude origin not reported (17,036 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Germany: crude origin not reported (14,078 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (9,902 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (7,400 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.