Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In April 2024, the Netherlands' petrol supply was 913 kt: 23% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Belgium (26%), Germany (13%) and Algeria (6%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the United States (16%), Norway (13%) and Kazakhstan (9%), and 27% cannot be traced.
Country
United States146 kt (est. 16%)Norway114 kt (est. 13%)Kazakhstan83 kt (est. 9%)Saudi Arabia60 kt (est. 7%)Nigeria45 kt (est. 5%)United Kingdom41 kt (est. 4%)Brazil33 kt (est. 4%)Other crude origins143 kt (est. 16%)Algeria: no crude data57 kt (6%)United States: no crude data56 kt (6%)United Kingdom: no crude data46 kt (5%)India: no crude data32 kt (4%)Belgium: crude origin not reported21 kt (2%)Netherlands: crude origin not reported16 kt (2%)Germany: crude origin not reported11 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported5.0 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports3.5 kt (<1%)Netherlands (own refineries)206 kt (23%)Belgium235 kt (26%)Germany115 kt (13%)Algeria57 kt (6%)United States56 kt (6%)Spain53 kt (6%)Sweden48 kt (5%)United Kingdom46 kt (5%)France34 kt (4%)India32 kt (4%)Italy30 kt (3%)Netherlands: petrol supply913 kt (100%)
Tap a country to follow its flows. Tap it again, or use the close button, to clear.
Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Belgium
- Netherlands (own refineries)
- Germany
- Algeria
- United States
- Spain
- Sweden
- United Kingdom
- Other (3)
- United States146 kt (est. 16%)
- Norway114 kt (est. 13%)
- Kazakhstan83 kt (est. 9%)
- Saudi Arabia60 kt (est. 7%)
- Nigeria45 kt (est. 5%)
- United Kingdom41 kt (est. 4%)
- Brazil33 kt (est. 4%)
- Other crude origins143 kt (est. 16%)
- Algeria: no crude data57 kt (6%)
- United States: no crude data56 kt (6%)
- United Kingdom: no crude data46 kt (5%)
- India: no crude data32 kt (4%)
- Belgium: crude origin not reported21 kt (2%)
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported16 kt (2%)
- Germany: crude origin not reported11 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported5.0 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports3.5 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Belgium | Netherlands: petrol supply | 235,351 | 25.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Netherlands (own refineries) | Netherlands: petrol supply | 205,694 | 22.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Germany | Netherlands: petrol supply | 115,300 | 12.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Algeria | Netherlands: petrol supply | 56,538 | 6.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| United States | Netherlands: petrol supply | 56,051 | 6.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Spain | Netherlands: petrol supply | 53,176 | 5.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Sweden | Netherlands: petrol supply | 48,480 | 5.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands: petrol supply | 46,161 | 5.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| France | Netherlands: petrol supply | 33,754 | 3.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| India | Netherlands: petrol supply | 32,459 | 3.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Italy | Netherlands: petrol supply | 29,839 | 3.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Algeria: no crude data | Algeria | 56,538 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United States: no crude data | United States | 56,051 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United States | Netherlands (own refineries) | 55,213 | 26.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom: no crude data | United Kingdom | 46,161 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 45,778 | 19.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium | 42,690 | 18.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Belgium | 33,882 | 14.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| India: no crude data | India | 32,459 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 30,361 | 12.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Belgium | 30,266 | 12.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands (own refineries) | 28,629 | 13.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Sweden | 26,290 | 54.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to Netherlands split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Germany | 24,848 | 21.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands (own refineries) | 23,805 | 11.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands (own refineries) | 22,898 | 11.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Spain | 21,636 | 40.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Germany | 21,381 | 18.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Germany | 21,197 | 18.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Belgium: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 21,072 | 9.0% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Saudi Arabia | Netherlands (own refineries) | 20,112 | 9.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany | 16,588 | 14.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Netherlands: crude origin not reported | Netherlands (own refineries) | 15,777 | 7.7% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Other crude origins | Italy | 14,970 | 50.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Netherlands split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands (own refineries) | 14,362 | 7.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Belgium | 14,013 | 6.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Netherlands (own refineries) | 13,841 | 6.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Germany: crude origin not reported | Germany | 11,349 | 9.8% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands (own refineries) | 11,057 | 5.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Germany | 10,910 | 9.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | France | 10,333 | 30.6% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Belgium | 9,884 | 4.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Spain | 9,224 | 17.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Sweden | 8,185 | 16.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to Netherlands split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Sweden | 7,597 | 15.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to Netherlands split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Belgium | 7,405 | 3.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Spain | 7,115 | 13.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Spain | 6,842 | 12.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | France | 6,440 | 19.1% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | France | 5,473 | 16.2% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | France | 5,327 | 15.8% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Italy | 4,843 | 16.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Netherlands split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Germany | 4,350 | 3.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Spain | 3,366 | 6.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Germany | 2,775 | 2.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Sweden | 2,757 | 5.7% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Kazakhstan | Spain | 2,571 | 4.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Italy | 2,449 | 8.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Netherlands split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | France | 2,441 | 7.2% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Sweden | 2,361 | 4.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to Netherlands split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Italy | 2,231 | 7.5% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Saudi Arabia | Italy | 2,212 | 7.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Netherlands split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Italy | 1,566 | 5.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Netherlands split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | France | 1,373 | 4.1% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Spain | 1,372 | 2.6% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Nigeria | Sweden | 1,290 | 2.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to Netherlands split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | France | 1,253 | 3.7% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Germany | 1,232 | 1.1% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Norway | Spain | 1,050 | 2.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Italy | 684 | 2.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Netherlands split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Germany | 672 | 0.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Italy | 621 | 2.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Netherlands split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | France | 614 | 1.8% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United Kingdom | France | 500 | 1.5% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Italy | 262 | 0.9% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
Source & method
Source Period 2024-04 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2024-04 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Netherlands’s supply of petrol in 2024-04, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2024-04 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2024-02 to 2024-04.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Algeria: no crude data (56,538 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- United States: no crude data (56,051 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- United Kingdom: no crude data (46,161 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- India: no crude data (32,459 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Belgium: crude origin not reported (21,072 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported (15,777 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Germany: crude origin not reported (11,349 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (5,005 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (3,462 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.