Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In May 2024, the Netherlands' road diesel supply was 2,209 kt: 48% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from India (14%), Belgium (12%) and Germany (6%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the United States (16%), Norway (10%) and Kazakhstan (9%), and 39% cannot be traced.
Country
United States361 kt (est. 16%)Norway222 kt (est. 10%)Kazakhstan189 kt (est. 9%)Saudi Arabia133 kt (est. 6%)Iraq109 kt (est. 5%)United Kingdom103 kt (est. 5%)Brazil70 kt (est. 3%)Other crude origins155 kt (est. 7%)India: no crude data312 kt (14%)Qatar: no crude data105 kt (5%)Netherlands: crude origin not reported89 kt (4%)Saudi Arabia: no crude data81 kt (4%)Iraq: no crude data73 kt (3%)United Arab Emirates: no crude data72 kt (3%)United Kingdom: no crude data43 kt (2%)Singapore: no crude data33 kt (2%)Belgium: crude origin not reported30 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports18 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported10 kt (<1%)Netherlands (own refineries)1.06 Mt (48%)India312 kt (14%)Belgium262 kt (12%)Germany127 kt (6%)Qatar105 kt (5%)Saudi Arabia81 kt (4%)Iraq73 kt (3%)United Arab Emirates72 kt (3%)United Kingdom43 kt (2%)Denmark40 kt (2%)Singapore33 kt (2%)Netherlands: road diesel supply2.21 Mt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Netherlands (own refineries)
- India
- Belgium
- Germany
- Qatar
- Saudi Arabia
- Iraq
- United Arab Emirates
- Other (3)
- United States361 kt (est. 16%)
- Norway222 kt (est. 10%)
- Kazakhstan189 kt (est. 9%)
- Saudi Arabia133 kt (est. 6%)
- Iraq109 kt (est. 5%)
- United Kingdom103 kt (est. 5%)
- Brazil70 kt (est. 3%)
- Other crude origins155 kt (est. 7%)
- India: no crude data312 kt (14%)
- Qatar: no crude data105 kt (5%)
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported89 kt (4%)
- Saudi Arabia: no crude data81 kt (4%)
- Iraq: no crude data73 kt (3%)
- United Arab Emirates: no crude data72 kt (3%)
- United Kingdom: no crude data43 kt (2%)
- Singapore: no crude data33 kt (2%)
- Belgium: crude origin not reported30 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports18 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported10 kt (<1%)
Where the fuel was refined
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Netherlands (own refineries) | Netherlands: road diesel supply | 1,062,538 | 48.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| India | Netherlands: road diesel supply | 311,936 | 14.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Belgium | Netherlands: road diesel supply | 262,089 | 11.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Germany | Netherlands: road diesel supply | 126,513 | 5.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Qatar | Netherlands: road diesel supply | 104,950 | 4.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Saudi Arabia | Netherlands: road diesel supply | 80,795 | 3.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Iraq | Netherlands: road diesel supply | 72,673 | 3.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| United Arab Emirates | Netherlands: road diesel supply | 71,839 | 3.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands: road diesel supply | 42,996 | 1.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Denmark | Netherlands: road diesel supply | 39,612 | 1.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Singapore | Netherlands: road diesel supply | 33,285 | 1.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| India: no crude data | India | 311,936 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United States | Netherlands (own refineries) | 279,462 | 26.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands (own refineries) | 153,342 | 14.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands (own refineries) | 132,314 | 12.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Qatar: no crude data | Qatar | 104,950 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Saudi Arabia | Netherlands (own refineries) | 96,794 | 9.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Netherlands (own refineries) | 94,694 | 8.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Netherlands: crude origin not reported | Netherlands (own refineries) | 89,136 | 8.4% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands (own refineries) | 84,827 | 8.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia: no crude data | Saudi Arabia | 80,795 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Iraq: no crude data | Iraq | 72,673 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United Arab Emirates: no crude data | United Arab Emirates | 71,839 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands (own refineries) | 71,799 | 6.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Netherlands (own refineries) | 60,168 | 5.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 59,413 | 22.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom: no crude data | United Kingdom | 42,996 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United States | Belgium | 41,585 | 15.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 38,360 | 14.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Belgium | 37,665 | 14.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Singapore: no crude data | Singapore | 33,285 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Saudi Arabia | Belgium | 31,742 | 12.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Belgium: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 30,459 | 11.6% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Other crude origins | Germany | 24,283 | 19.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Germany | 24,010 | 19.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Germany | 23,142 | 18.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany | 18,265 | 14.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Denmark | 16,076 | 40.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Denmark's road diesel to Netherlands split by Denmark's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Denmark | 13,916 | 35.1% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| United Kingdom | Germany | 11,393 | 9.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Germany | 10,254 | 8.1% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Brazil | Belgium | 9,518 | 3.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Denmark | 7,812 | 19.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Denmark's road diesel to Netherlands split by Denmark's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Germany | 7,610 | 6.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Belgium | 6,922 | 2.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Germany | 4,774 | 3.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Belgium | 4,717 | 1.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Germany | 2,370 | 1.9% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| United Kingdom | Denmark | 1,809 | 4.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Denmark's road diesel to Netherlands split by Denmark's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Belgium | 1,708 | 0.7% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Brazil | Germany | 413 | 0.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
Source & method
Source Period 2024-05 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2024-05 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the countries whose refineries made it. Right: Netherlands’s supply of road diesel in 2024-05, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2024-05 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2024-03 to 2024-05.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- India: no crude data (311,936 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Qatar: no crude data (104,950 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported (89,136 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Saudi Arabia: no crude data (80,795 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Iraq: no crude data (72,673 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- United Arab Emirates: no crude data (71,839 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- United Kingdom: no crude data (42,996 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Singapore: no crude data (33,285 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Belgium: crude origin not reported (30,459 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (17,994 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (10,254 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only; fuel re-exported through a supplier is not followed further.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.