Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In May 2024, the Netherlands' petrol supply was 926 kt: 36% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Belgium (22%), Germany (10%) and the United Kingdom (9%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the United States (18%), Norway (16%) and Kazakhstan (9%), and 22% cannot be traced.
Country
United States167 kt (est. 18%)Norway148 kt (est. 16%)Kazakhstan87 kt (est. 9%)Saudi Arabia62 kt (est. 7%)United Kingdom49 kt (est. 5%)Brazil45 kt (est. 5%)Iraq43 kt (est. 5%)Other crude origins120 kt (est. 13%)United Kingdom: no crude data80 kt (9%)Netherlands: crude origin not reported28 kt (3%)Saudi Arabia: no crude data26 kt (3%)Brazil: no crude data25 kt (3%)Belgium: crude origin not reported24 kt (3%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported11 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports10 kt (1%)Netherlands (own refineries)338 kt (36%)Belgium207 kt (22%)Germany91 kt (10%)United Kingdom80 kt (9%)Sweden48 kt (5%)Spain43 kt (5%)Saudi Arabia26 kt (3%)Portugal25 kt (3%)Brazil25 kt (3%)Finland23 kt (3%)Denmark20 kt (2%)Netherlands: petrol supply926 kt (100%)
Tap a country to follow its flows. Tap it again, or use the close button, to clear.
Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Netherlands (own refineries)
- Belgium
- Germany
- United Kingdom
- Sweden
- Spain
- Saudi Arabia
- Portugal
- Other (3)
- United States167 kt (est. 18%)
- Norway148 kt (est. 16%)
- Kazakhstan87 kt (est. 9%)
- Saudi Arabia62 kt (est. 7%)
- United Kingdom49 kt (est. 5%)
- Brazil45 kt (est. 5%)
- Iraq43 kt (est. 5%)
- Other crude origins120 kt (est. 13%)
- United Kingdom: no crude data80 kt (9%)
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported28 kt (3%)
- Saudi Arabia: no crude data26 kt (3%)
- Brazil: no crude data25 kt (3%)
- Belgium: crude origin not reported24 kt (3%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported11 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports10 kt (1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Dashed: estimated from published euro value
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Dashed: estimated from published euro value
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Netherlands (own refineries) | Netherlands: petrol supply | 337,691 | 36.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Belgium | Netherlands: petrol supply | 206,872 | 22.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Germany | Netherlands: petrol supply | 90,975 | 9.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands: petrol supply | 79,809 | 8.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Sweden | Netherlands: petrol supply | 48,278 | 5.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Spain | Netherlands: petrol supply | 43,274 | 4.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Saudi Arabia | Netherlands: petrol supply | 26,017 | 2.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Portugal | Netherlands: petrol supply | 25,257 | 2.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Brazil | Netherlands: petrol supply | 24,765 | 2.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Finland | Netherlands: petrol supply | 23,302 | 2.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Denmark | Netherlands: petrol supply | 20,043 | 2.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| United States | Netherlands (own refineries) | 88,817 | 26.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom: no crude data | United Kingdom | 79,809 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Norway | Netherlands (own refineries) | 48,735 | 14.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 46,895 | 22.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands (own refineries) | 42,051 | 12.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium | 32,824 | 15.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Netherlands (own refineries) | 30,763 | 9.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 30,278 | 14.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Netherlands (own refineries) | 30,095 | 8.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Belgium | 29,729 | 14.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Netherlands: crude origin not reported | Netherlands (own refineries) | 28,329 | 8.4% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands (own refineries) | 26,959 | 8.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia: no crude data | Saudi Arabia | 26,017 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Norway | Sweden | 25,934 | 53.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to Netherlands split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Belgium | 25,055 | 12.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil: no crude data | Brazil | 24,765 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Belgium: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 24,042 | 11.6% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands (own refineries) | 22,819 | 6.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Spain | 19,882 | 45.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Finland | 19,880 | 85.3% | EstimatedPartly estimated from published euro value. Estimate: Finland's petrol to Netherlands split by Finland's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Finland did not publish its crude imports for part of that window; those months use crude imports estimated from the euro values it did publish (customs basis). |
| Brazil | Netherlands (own refineries) | 19,122 | 5.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Germany | 17,461 | 19.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Germany | 17,266 | 19.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Germany | 16,641 | 18.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany | 13,134 | 14.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Portugal | 11,633 | 46.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's petrol to Netherlands split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Sweden | 9,571 | 19.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to Netherlands split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Portugal | 8,538 | 33.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's petrol to Netherlands split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Germany | 8,193 | 9.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Denmark | 8,134 | 40.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Denmark's petrol to Netherlands split by Denmark's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Belgium | 7,513 | 3.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Spain | 7,493 | 17.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Germany | 7,373 | 8.1% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Denmark | 7,041 | 35.1% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Brazil | Spain | 6,811 | 15.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Sweden | 5,683 | 11.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to Netherlands split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Germany | 5,473 | 6.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Belgium | 5,463 | 2.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Sweden | 4,392 | 9.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to Netherlands split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Denmark | 3,953 | 19.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Denmark's petrol to Netherlands split by Denmark's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Belgium | 3,723 | 1.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Germany | 3,433 | 3.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Finland | 3,422 | 14.7% | EstimatedPartly estimated from published euro value. Estimate: Finland's petrol to Netherlands split by Finland's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Finland did not publish its crude imports for part of that window; those months use crude imports estimated from the euro values it did publish (customs basis). |
| United States | Portugal | 3,032 | 12.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's petrol to Netherlands split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Sweden | 2,698 | 5.6% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Saudi Arabia | Spain | 2,678 | 6.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Portugal | 2,054 | 8.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's petrol to Netherlands split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Spain | 1,970 | 4.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Spain | 1,815 | 4.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Germany | 1,704 | 1.9% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Norway | Spain | 1,424 | 3.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Belgium | 1,349 | 0.7% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Spain | 1,200 | 2.8% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United Kingdom | Denmark | 915 | 4.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Denmark's petrol to Netherlands split by Denmark's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Germany | 297 | 0.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
Source & method
Source Period 2024-05 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2024-05 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Netherlands’s supply of petrol in 2024-05, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Dashed crude links rest partly on crude imports estimated from published euro values: a supplier did not publish its crude imports for some months of the window (docs/METHODOLOGY.md section 6.1). Customs basis, INFERRED. Method
Month: 2024-05 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2024-03 to 2024-05.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- United Kingdom: no crude data (79,809 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported (28,329 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Saudi Arabia: no crude data (26,017 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Brazil: no crude data (24,765 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Belgium: crude origin not reported (24,042 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (11,272 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (10,094 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.