Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In June 2024, the Netherlands' road diesel supply was 1,724 kt: 65% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Belgium (9%) and India (9%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the United States (17%), Norway (12%) and Kazakhstan (9%), and 30% cannot be traced.
Country
United States295 kt (est. 17%)Norway202 kt (est. 12%)Kazakhstan162 kt (est. 9%)United Kingdom128 kt (est. 7%)Iraq108 kt (est. 6%)Brazil88 kt (est. 5%)Saudi Arabia85 kt (est. 5%)Other crude origins134 kt (est. 8%)India: no crude data156 kt (9%)Netherlands: crude origin not reported100 kt (6%)Qatar: no crude data69 kt (4%)China: no crude data43 kt (2%)Singapore: no crude data39 kt (2%)United States: no crude data35 kt (2%)Bahrain: no crude data27 kt (2%)Iraq: no crude data27 kt (2%)Belgium: crude origin not reported22 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported3.0 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports1.2 kt (<1%)Netherlands (own refineries)1.11 Mt (65%)Belgium157 kt (9%)India156 kt (9%)Qatar69 kt (4%)China43 kt (2%)Singapore39 kt (2%)United States35 kt (2%)Spain31 kt (2%)Germany27 kt (2%)Bahrain27 kt (2%)Iraq27 kt (2%)Netherlands: road diesel supply1.72 Mt (100%)
Tap a country to follow its flows. Tap it again, or use the close button, to clear.
Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Netherlands (own refineries)
- Belgium
- India
- Qatar
- China
- Singapore
- United States
- Spain
- Other (3)
- United States295 kt (est. 17%)
- Norway202 kt (est. 12%)
- Kazakhstan162 kt (est. 9%)
- United Kingdom128 kt (est. 7%)
- Iraq108 kt (est. 6%)
- Brazil88 kt (est. 5%)
- Saudi Arabia85 kt (est. 5%)
- Other crude origins134 kt (est. 8%)
- India: no crude data156 kt (9%)
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported100 kt (6%)
- Qatar: no crude data69 kt (4%)
- China: no crude data43 kt (2%)
- Singapore: no crude data39 kt (2%)
- United States: no crude data35 kt (2%)
- Bahrain: no crude data27 kt (2%)
- Iraq: no crude data27 kt (2%)
- Belgium: crude origin not reported22 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported3.0 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports1.2 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Netherlands (own refineries) | Netherlands: road diesel supply | 1,114,280 | 64.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Belgium | Netherlands: road diesel supply | 156,705 | 9.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| India | Netherlands: road diesel supply | 156,330 | 9.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Qatar | Netherlands: road diesel supply | 68,718 | 4.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| China | Netherlands: road diesel supply | 42,558 | 2.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Singapore | Netherlands: road diesel supply | 38,832 | 2.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| United States | Netherlands: road diesel supply | 35,216 | 2.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Spain | Netherlands: road diesel supply | 30,577 | 1.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Germany | Netherlands: road diesel supply | 27,031 | 1.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Bahrain | Netherlands: road diesel supply | 26,708 | 1.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Iraq | Netherlands: road diesel supply | 26,651 | 1.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| United States | Netherlands (own refineries) | 257,711 | 23.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands (own refineries) | 173,610 | 15.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| India: no crude data | India | 156,330 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands (own refineries) | 134,188 | 12.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands (own refineries) | 118,902 | 10.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Netherlands: crude origin not reported | Netherlands (own refineries) | 99,763 | 9.0% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Iraq | Netherlands (own refineries) | 99,166 | 8.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands (own refineries) | 81,195 | 7.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Netherlands (own refineries) | 78,466 | 7.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Netherlands (own refineries) | 71,280 | 6.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Qatar: no crude data | Qatar | 68,718 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| China: no crude data | China | 42,558 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Singapore: no crude data | Singapore | 38,832 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United States: no crude data | United States | 35,216 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 32,896 | 21.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium | 27,791 | 17.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Bahrain: no crude data | Bahrain | 26,708 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Iraq: no crude data | Iraq | 26,651 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 23,136 | 14.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Belgium | 21,913 | 14.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Belgium: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 21,634 | 13.8% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Other crude origins | Spain | 15,006 | 49.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Belgium | 11,025 | 7.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Belgium | 6,996 | 4.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Belgium | 5,618 | 3.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Germany | 5,493 | 20.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Germany | 5,290 | 19.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Spain | 5,150 | 16.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Belgium | 5,104 | 3.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Germany | 4,702 | 17.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Spain | 4,230 | 13.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany | 3,815 | 14.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Germany | 2,183 | 8.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Germany | 2,146 | 7.9% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Saudi Arabia | Spain | 1,840 | 6.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Germany | 1,716 | 6.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Spain | 1,256 | 4.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Spain | 1,132 | 3.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Spain | 1,045 | 3.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Germany | 935 | 3.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Spain | 848 | 2.8% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Germany | 653 | 2.4% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Belgium | 592 | 0.4% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Brazil | Germany | 98 | 0.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Spain | 70 | 0.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
Source & method
Source Period 2024-06 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2024-06 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Netherlands’s supply of road diesel in 2024-06, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2024-06 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2024-04 to 2024-06.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- India: no crude data (156,330 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported (99,763 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Qatar: no crude data (68,718 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- China: no crude data (42,558 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Singapore: no crude data (38,832 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- United States: no crude data (35,216 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Bahrain: no crude data (26,708 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Iraq: no crude data (26,651 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Belgium: crude origin not reported (21,634 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (2,994 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (1,246 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.