Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In July 2024, the Netherlands' road diesel supply was 2,342 kt: 64% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from India (11%) and Belgium (10%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the United States (17%), Norway (13%) and Kazakhstan (9%), and 28% cannot be traced.
Country
United States405 kt (est. 17%)Norway301 kt (est. 13%)Kazakhstan210 kt (est. 9%)United Kingdom186 kt (est. 8%)Iraq156 kt (est. 7%)Brazil156 kt (est. 7%)Nigeria99 kt (est. 4%)Other crude origins171 kt (est. 7%)India: no crude data254 kt (11%)Netherlands: crude origin not reported112 kt (5%)Kuwait: no crude data65 kt (3%)United States: no crude data60 kt (3%)Iraq: no crude data56 kt (2%)Qatar: no crude data40 kt (2%)Georgia: no crude data33 kt (1%)Belgium: crude origin not reported29 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported6.5 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports3.7 kt (<1%)Netherlands (own refineries)1.50 Mt (64%)India254 kt (11%)Belgium229 kt (10%)Kuwait65 kt (3%)United States60 kt (3%)Iraq56 kt (2%)Germany45 kt (2%)Qatar40 kt (2%)Georgia33 kt (1%)France31 kt (1%)Sweden25 kt (1%)Netherlands: road diesel supply2.34 Mt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Netherlands (own refineries)
- India
- Belgium
- Kuwait
- United States
- Iraq
- Germany
- Qatar
- Other (3)
- United States405 kt (est. 17%)
- Norway301 kt (est. 13%)
- Kazakhstan210 kt (est. 9%)
- United Kingdom186 kt (est. 8%)
- Iraq156 kt (est. 7%)
- Brazil156 kt (est. 7%)
- Nigeria99 kt (est. 4%)
- Other crude origins171 kt (est. 7%)
- India: no crude data254 kt (11%)
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported112 kt (5%)
- Kuwait: no crude data65 kt (3%)
- United States: no crude data60 kt (3%)
- Iraq: no crude data56 kt (2%)
- Qatar: no crude data40 kt (2%)
- Georgia: no crude data33 kt (1%)
- Belgium: crude origin not reported29 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported6.5 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports3.7 kt (<1%)
Where the fuel was refined
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Netherlands (own refineries) | Netherlands: road diesel supply | 1,504,152 | 64.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| India | Netherlands: road diesel supply | 253,588 | 10.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Belgium | Netherlands: road diesel supply | 229,401 | 9.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Kuwait | Netherlands: road diesel supply | 65,495 | 2.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| United States | Netherlands: road diesel supply | 59,731 | 2.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Iraq | Netherlands: road diesel supply | 55,940 | 2.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Germany | Netherlands: road diesel supply | 45,035 | 1.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Qatar | Netherlands: road diesel supply | 39,861 | 1.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Georgia | Netherlands: road diesel supply | 33,423 | 1.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| France | Netherlands: road diesel supply | 30,623 | 1.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Sweden | Netherlands: road diesel supply | 24,755 | 1.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| United States | Netherlands (own refineries) | 343,613 | 22.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| India: no crude data | India | 253,588 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Norway | Netherlands (own refineries) | 240,809 | 16.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands (own refineries) | 166,695 | 11.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands (own refineries) | 166,362 | 11.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Netherlands (own refineries) | 144,199 | 9.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Netherlands (own refineries) | 142,247 | 9.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Netherlands: crude origin not reported | Netherlands (own refineries) | 111,639 | 7.4% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands (own refineries) | 106,124 | 7.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands (own refineries) | 82,464 | 5.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Kuwait: no crude data | Kuwait | 65,495 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United States: no crude data | United States | 59,731 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Iraq: no crude data | Iraq | 55,940 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United States | Belgium | 44,478 | 19.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 42,718 | 18.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Qatar: no crude data | Qatar | 39,861 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 34,424 | 15.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Georgia: no crude data | Georgia | 33,423 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Norway | Belgium | 33,270 | 14.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Belgium: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 28,724 | 12.5% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Norway | Sweden | 14,775 | 59.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Netherlands split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Belgium | 13,237 | 5.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Belgium | 11,572 | 5.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Germany | 11,391 | 25.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Belgium | 10,388 | 4.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | France | 9,851 | 32.2% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Germany | 8,717 | 19.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Belgium | 8,646 | 3.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Germany | 7,315 | 16.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | France | 5,969 | 19.5% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany | 5,460 | 12.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Germany | 3,755 | 8.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Sweden | 3,632 | 14.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Netherlands split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | France | 3,518 | 11.5% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Germany | 3,089 | 6.9% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Norway | France | 2,960 | 9.7% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Germany | 2,692 | 6.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | France | 2,690 | 8.8% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | France | 2,553 | 8.3% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Sweden | 2,247 | 9.1% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United Kingdom | Sweden | 1,998 | 8.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Netherlands split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Belgium | 1,944 | 0.8% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Nigeria | Germany | 1,461 | 3.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Sweden | 1,234 | 5.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Netherlands split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | France | 1,167 | 3.8% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Nigeria | Sweden | 870 | 3.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Netherlands split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | France | 865 | 2.8% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Germany | 848 | 1.9% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Brazil | France | 781 | 2.6% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Germany | 307 | 0.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | France | 270 | 0.9% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
Source & method
Source Period 2024-07 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2024-07 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the countries whose refineries made it. Right: Netherlands’s supply of road diesel in 2024-07, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2024-07 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2024-05 to 2024-07.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- India: no crude data (253,588 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported (111,639 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Kuwait: no crude data (65,495 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- United States: no crude data (59,731 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Iraq: no crude data (55,940 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Qatar: no crude data (39,861 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Georgia: no crude data (33,423 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Belgium: crude origin not reported (28,724 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (6,502 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (3,657 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only; fuel re-exported through a supplier is not followed further.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.