Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In July 2024, the Netherlands' jet fuel supply was 830 kt: 80% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Kuwait (11%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the United States (19%), Norway (13%) and Kazakhstan (9%), and 23% cannot be traced.
Country
United States158 kt (est. 19%)Norway111 kt (est. 13%)Kazakhstan78 kt (est. 9%)United Kingdom76 kt (est. 9%)Brazil65 kt (est. 8%)Iraq64 kt (est. 8%)Nigeria38 kt (est. 5%)Other crude origins53 kt (est. 6%)Kuwait: no crude data93 kt (11%)Netherlands: crude origin not reported49 kt (6%)India: no crude data37 kt (4%)Smaller flows: no crude data4.1 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported3.4 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.3 kt (<1%)Netherlands (own refineries)666 kt (80%)Kuwait93 kt (11%)India37 kt (4%)Belgium23 kt (3%)Germany8.1 kt (<1%)United Kingdom4.0 kt (<1%)France0.1 kt (<1%)South Korealess than 0.1 kt (<1%)Czechialess than 0.1 kt (<1%)United Statesless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Italyless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Netherlands: jet fuel supply830 kt (100%)
Tap a country to follow its flows. Tap it again, or use the close button, to clear.
Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Netherlands (own refineries)
- Kuwait
- India
- Belgium
- Germany
- United Kingdom
- France
- South Korea
- Other (3)
- United States158 kt (est. 19%)
- Norway111 kt (est. 13%)
- Kazakhstan78 kt (est. 9%)
- United Kingdom76 kt (est. 9%)
- Brazil65 kt (est. 8%)
- Iraq64 kt (est. 8%)
- Nigeria38 kt (est. 5%)
- Other crude origins53 kt (est. 6%)
- Kuwait: no crude data93 kt (11%)
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported49 kt (6%)
- India: no crude data37 kt (4%)
- Smaller flows: no crude data4.1 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported3.4 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.3 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Netherlands (own refineries) | Netherlands: jet fuel supply | 665,695 | 80.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Kuwait | Netherlands: jet fuel supply | 93,191 | 11.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| India | Netherlands: jet fuel supply | 36,575 | 4.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Belgium | Netherlands: jet fuel supply | 22,590 | 2.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Germany | Netherlands: jet fuel supply | 8,115 | 1.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands: jet fuel supply | 3,997 | 0.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| United States | Netherlands (own refineries) | 152,073 | 22.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands (own refineries) | 106,575 | 16.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Kuwait: no crude data | Kuwait | 93,191 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands (own refineries) | 73,775 | 11.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands (own refineries) | 73,627 | 11.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Netherlands (own refineries) | 63,818 | 9.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Netherlands (own refineries) | 62,954 | 9.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Netherlands: crude origin not reported | Netherlands (own refineries) | 49,408 | 7.4% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands (own refineries) | 46,968 | 7.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| India: no crude data | India | 36,575 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands (own refineries) | 36,496 | 5.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium | 4,380 | 19.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 4,207 | 18.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | United Kingdom | 3,997 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 3,390 | 15.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Belgium | 3,276 | 14.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 2,829 | 12.5% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Other crude origins | Germany | 2,053 | 25.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Germany | 1,571 | 19.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Germany | 1,318 | 16.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Belgium | 1,303 | 5.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Belgium | 1,140 | 5.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Belgium | 1,023 | 4.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany | 984 | 12.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Belgium | 851 | 3.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Germany | 677 | 8.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Germany | 557 | 6.9% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Iraq | Germany | 485 | 6.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Germany | 263 | 3.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Belgium | 191 | 0.8% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Germany | 153 | 1.9% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Brazil | Germany | 55 | 0.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | South Korea | 33 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | United States | 22 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Other crude origins | France | 20 | 32.2% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Czechia | 17 | 78.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | France | 12 | 19.5% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Italy | 11 | 54.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | France | 7 | 11.5% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | France | 6 | 9.7% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | France | 6 | 8.8% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | France | 5 | 8.3% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Czechia | 3 | 13.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Italy | 3 | 12.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | France | 2 | 3.8% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | France | 2 | 2.8% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| United States | Italy | 2 | 8.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Italy | 2 | 8.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | France | 2 | 2.6% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Italy | 2 | 7.9% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Norway | Czechia | 1 | 4.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Italy | 1 | 5.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Czechia | 1 | 2.8% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United Kingdom | France | 1 | 0.9% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Italy | 0 | 1.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Italy | 0 | 1.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Italy | 0 | 1.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
5 flows with a share under 0.1% are not listed here. They are still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2024-07 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2024-07 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Netherlands’s supply of jet fuel in 2024-07, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2024-07 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2024-05 to 2024-07.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Kuwait: no crude data (93,191 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported (49,408 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- India: no crude data (36,575 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: no crude data (4,052 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (3,388 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (348 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.