Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In September 2024, the Netherlands' jet fuel supply was 989 kt: 64% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from India (18%) and Kuwait (17%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the United States (13%), Norway (12%) and Kazakhstan (8%), and 41% cannot be traced.
Country
United States133 kt (est. 13%)Norway115 kt (est. 12%)Kazakhstan75 kt (est. 8%)Brazil59 kt (est. 6%)United Kingdom56 kt (est. 6%)Iraq55 kt (est. 6%)Nigeria38 kt (est. 4%)Other crude origins53 kt (est. 5%)India: no crude data178 kt (18%)Kuwait: no crude data167 kt (17%)Netherlands: crude origin not reported51 kt (5%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports8.7 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported1.6 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: no crude dataless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Netherlands (own refineries)629 kt (64%)India178 kt (18%)Kuwait167 kt (17%)Belgium11 kt (1%)Germany2.9 kt (<1%)Spain0.9 kt (<1%)Ireland0.4 kt (<1%)Franceless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Canadaless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Japanless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Polandless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Netherlands: jet fuel supply989 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Netherlands (own refineries)
- India
- Kuwait
- Belgium
- Germany
- Spain
- Ireland
- France
- Other (3)
- United States133 kt (est. 13%)
- Norway115 kt (est. 12%)
- Kazakhstan75 kt (est. 8%)
- Brazil59 kt (est. 6%)
- United Kingdom56 kt (est. 6%)
- Iraq55 kt (est. 6%)
- Nigeria38 kt (est. 4%)
- Other crude origins53 kt (est. 5%)
- India: no crude data178 kt (18%)
- Kuwait: no crude data167 kt (17%)
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported51 kt (5%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports8.7 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported1.6 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: no crude dataless than 0.1 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Netherlands (own refineries) | Netherlands: jet fuel supply | 628,879 | 63.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| India | Netherlands: jet fuel supply | 177,828 | 18.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Kuwait | Netherlands: jet fuel supply | 166,716 | 16.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Belgium | Netherlands: jet fuel supply | 11,229 | 1.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Germany | Netherlands: jet fuel supply | 2,858 | 0.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| India: no crude data | India | 177,828 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Kuwait: no crude data | Kuwait | 166,716 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United States | Netherlands (own refineries) | 130,657 | 20.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands (own refineries) | 111,610 | 17.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands (own refineries) | 72,682 | 11.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Netherlands (own refineries) | 57,531 | 9.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands (own refineries) | 54,866 | 8.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Netherlands (own refineries) | 54,589 | 8.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Netherlands: crude origin not reported | Netherlands (own refineries) | 51,455 | 8.2% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands (own refineries) | 50,253 | 8.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands (own refineries) | 36,628 | 5.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Netherlands (own refineries) | 8,606 | 1.4% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Norway | Belgium | 2,500 | 22.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium | 1,569 | 14.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 1,450 | 12.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 1,392 | 12.4% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 1,347 | 12.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Belgium | 955 | 8.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Belgium | 780 | 6.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Belgium | 764 | 6.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Germany | 733 | 25.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Germany | 511 | 17.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Belgium | 457 | 4.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Germany | 456 | 15.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Spain | 412 | 46.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Ireland | 354 | 84.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Ireland's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Ireland's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany | 334 | 11.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Germany | 240 | 8.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Germany | 187 | 6.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Germany | 180 | 6.3% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United States | Spain | 129 | 14.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Spain | 124 | 13.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Germany | 110 | 3.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Spain | 88 | 9.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Germany | 85 | 3.0% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Other crude origins | Ireland | 67 | 15.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Ireland's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Ireland's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Spain | 32 | 3.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Spain | 31 | 3.5% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Spain | 31 | 3.4% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Kazakhstan | Spain | 31 | 3.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Germany | 23 | 0.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Belgium | 16 | 0.1% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | Canada | 11 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | Japan | 11 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Norway | Spain | 11 | 1.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | France | 10 | 26.0% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | France | 8 | 22.0% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Spain | 8 | 0.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | France | 4 | 11.7% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | France | 4 | 11.0% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Poland | 3 | 49.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Poland's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Poland's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | France | 3 | 9.3% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | France | 3 | 8.8% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Poland | 2 | 27.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Poland's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Poland's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | France | 1 | 4.0% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Brazil | France | 1 | 3.9% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | France | 1 | 2.6% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| United States | Poland | 0 | 6.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Poland's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Poland's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Poland | 0 | 5.9% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United Kingdom | Poland | 0 | 5.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Poland's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Poland's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | France | 0 | 0.8% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Poland | 0 | 2.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Poland's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Poland's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Poland | 0 | 1.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Poland's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Poland's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Poland | 0 | 0.5% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
6 flows with a share under 0.1% are not listed here. They are still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2024-09 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2024-09 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Netherlands’s supply of jet fuel in 2024-09, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2024-09 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2024-07 to 2024-09.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- India: no crude data (177,828 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Kuwait: no crude data (166,716 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported (51,455 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (8,739 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (1,605 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: no crude data (22 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.