Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In September 2024, the Netherlands' petrol supply was 796 kt: 44% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Belgium (15%), the United Kingdom (12%) and Germany (9%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Norway (14%), the United States (14%) and Kazakhstan (8%), and 32% cannot be traced.
Country
Norway113 kt (est. 14%)United States113 kt (est. 14%)Kazakhstan64 kt (est. 8%)Brazil56 kt (est. 7%)United Kingdom46 kt (est. 6%)Iraq40 kt (est. 5%)Nigeria35 kt (est. 4%)Other crude origins77 kt (est. 10%)United Kingdom: no crude data99 kt (12%)Algeria: no crude data58 kt (7%)Netherlands: crude origin not reported29 kt (4%)United States: no crude data19 kt (2%)Türkiye: no crude data16 kt (2%)Belgium: crude origin not reported14 kt (2%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports11 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported6.3 kt (<1%)Netherlands (own refineries)352 kt (44%)Belgium117 kt (15%)United Kingdom99 kt (12%)Germany68 kt (9%)Algeria58 kt (7%)Portugal25 kt (3%)United States19 kt (2%)Spain17 kt (2%)Türkiye16 kt (2%)Sweden13 kt (2%)Denmark12 kt (1%)Netherlands: petrol supply796 kt (100%)
Tap a country to follow its flows. Tap it again, or use the close button, to clear.
Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Netherlands (own refineries)
- Belgium
- United Kingdom
- Germany
- Algeria
- Portugal
- United States
- Spain
- Other (3)
- Norway113 kt (est. 14%)
- United States113 kt (est. 14%)
- Kazakhstan64 kt (est. 8%)
- Brazil56 kt (est. 7%)
- United Kingdom46 kt (est. 6%)
- Iraq40 kt (est. 5%)
- Nigeria35 kt (est. 4%)
- Other crude origins77 kt (est. 10%)
- United Kingdom: no crude data99 kt (12%)
- Algeria: no crude data58 kt (7%)
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported29 kt (4%)
- United States: no crude data19 kt (2%)
- Türkiye: no crude data16 kt (2%)
- Belgium: crude origin not reported14 kt (2%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports11 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported6.3 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Netherlands (own refineries) | Netherlands: petrol supply | 351,768 | 44.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Belgium | Netherlands: petrol supply | 116,756 | 14.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands: petrol supply | 99,383 | 12.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Germany | Netherlands: petrol supply | 68,299 | 8.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Algeria | Netherlands: petrol supply | 57,711 | 7.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Portugal | Netherlands: petrol supply | 25,047 | 3.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| United States | Netherlands: petrol supply | 19,003 | 2.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Spain | Netherlands: petrol supply | 17,072 | 2.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Türkiye | Netherlands: petrol supply | 15,856 | 2.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Sweden | Netherlands: petrol supply | 13,416 | 1.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Denmark | Netherlands: petrol supply | 11,816 | 1.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| United Kingdom: no crude data | United Kingdom | 99,383 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United States | Netherlands (own refineries) | 73,084 | 20.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands (own refineries) | 62,430 | 17.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria: no crude data | Algeria | 57,711 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands (own refineries) | 40,655 | 11.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Netherlands (own refineries) | 32,180 | 9.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands (own refineries) | 30,690 | 8.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Netherlands (own refineries) | 30,535 | 8.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Netherlands: crude origin not reported | Netherlands (own refineries) | 28,782 | 8.2% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands (own refineries) | 28,109 | 8.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Belgium | 25,990 | 22.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands (own refineries) | 20,488 | 5.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United States: no crude data | United States | 19,003 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Other crude origins | Germany | 17,511 | 25.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium | 16,312 | 14.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Türkiye: no crude data | Türkiye | 15,856 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 15,079 | 12.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Belgium: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 14,474 | 12.4% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 14,002 | 12.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Germany | 12,207 | 17.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Germany | 10,890 | 15.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Portugal | 10,518 | 42.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's petrol to Netherlands split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Belgium | 9,932 | 8.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Sweden | 9,037 | 67.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to Netherlands split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Portugal | 8,579 | 34.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's petrol to Netherlands split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Belgium | 8,106 | 6.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany | 7,989 | 11.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Belgium | 7,946 | 6.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Spain | 7,850 | 46.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Denmark | 6,726 | 56.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Denmark's petrol to Netherlands split by Denmark's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Germany | 5,738 | 8.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Netherlands (own refineries) | 4,814 | 1.4% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Iraq | Belgium | 4,747 | 4.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Germany | 4,457 | 6.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Germany | 4,298 | 6.3% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United States | Portugal | 3,067 | 12.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's petrol to Netherlands split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Denmark | 2,973 | 25.2% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Nigeria | Germany | 2,627 | 3.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Spain | 2,461 | 14.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Spain | 2,364 | 13.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Germany | 2,027 | 3.0% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Norway | Denmark | 1,787 | 15.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Denmark's petrol to Netherlands split by Denmark's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Spain | 1,672 | 9.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Portugal | 1,590 | 6.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's petrol to Netherlands split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Sweden | 1,362 | 10.2% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Nigeria | Portugal | 1,293 | 5.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's petrol to Netherlands split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Sweden | 886 | 6.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to Netherlands split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Sweden | 858 | 6.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to Netherlands split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Sweden | 781 | 5.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to Netherlands split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Spain | 612 | 3.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Spain | 591 | 3.5% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Spain | 583 | 3.4% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Kazakhstan | Spain | 582 | 3.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Germany | 554 | 0.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Sweden | 418 | 3.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to Netherlands split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Denmark | 323 | 2.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Denmark's petrol to Netherlands split by Denmark's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Spain | 208 | 1.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Belgium | 169 | 0.1% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| United Kingdom | Spain | 149 | 0.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Sweden | 73 | 0.5% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
One flow with a share under 0.1% is not listed here. It is still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2024-09 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2024-09 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Netherlands’s supply of petrol in 2024-09, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2024-09 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2024-07 to 2024-09.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- United Kingdom: no crude data (99,383 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Algeria: no crude data (57,711 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported (28,782 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- United States: no crude data (19,003 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Türkiye: no crude data (15,856 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Belgium: crude origin not reported (14,474 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (10,638 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (6,258 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.