Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In October 2024, the Netherlands' road diesel supply was 2,177 kt: 57% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Belgium (13%), India (9%) and Qatar (6%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the United States (15%), Norway (14%) and Kazakhstan (8%), and 34% cannot be traced.
Country
United States329 kt (est. 15%)Norway301 kt (est. 14%)Kazakhstan180 kt (est. 8%)United Kingdom146 kt (est. 7%)Iraq133 kt (est. 6%)Brazil100 kt (est. 5%)Nigeria71 kt (est. 3%)Other crude origins172 kt (est. 8%)India: no crude data198 kt (9%)Qatar: no crude data136 kt (6%)United States: no crude data116 kt (5%)Netherlands: crude origin not reported102 kt (5%)Türkiye: no crude data51 kt (2%)Belgium: crude origin not reported42 kt (2%)United Arab Emirates: no crude data35 kt (2%)Smaller flows: no crude data34 kt (2%)Singapore: no crude data26 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported2.8 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports1.0 kt (<1%)Netherlands (own refineries)1.24 Mt (57%)Belgium293 kt (13%)India198 kt (9%)Qatar136 kt (6%)United States116 kt (5%)Germany51 kt (2%)Türkiye51 kt (2%)United Arab Emirates35 kt (2%)Singapore26 kt (1%)Oman21 kt (<1%)United Kingdom13 kt (<1%)Netherlands: road diesel supply2.18 Mt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Netherlands (own refineries)
- Belgium
- India
- Qatar
- United States
- Germany
- Türkiye
- United Arab Emirates
- Other (3)
- United States329 kt (est. 15%)
- Norway301 kt (est. 14%)
- Kazakhstan180 kt (est. 8%)
- United Kingdom146 kt (est. 7%)
- Iraq133 kt (est. 6%)
- Brazil100 kt (est. 5%)
- Nigeria71 kt (est. 3%)
- Other crude origins172 kt (est. 8%)
- India: no crude data198 kt (9%)
- Qatar: no crude data136 kt (6%)
- United States: no crude data116 kt (5%)
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported102 kt (5%)
- Türkiye: no crude data51 kt (2%)
- Belgium: crude origin not reported42 kt (2%)
- United Arab Emirates: no crude data35 kt (2%)
- Smaller flows: no crude data34 kt (2%)
- Singapore: no crude data26 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported2.8 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports1.0 kt (<1%)
Where the fuel was refined
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Netherlands (own refineries) | Netherlands: road diesel supply | 1,236,931 | 56.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Belgium | Netherlands: road diesel supply | 293,361 | 13.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| India | Netherlands: road diesel supply | 198,339 | 9.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Qatar | Netherlands: road diesel supply | 136,413 | 6.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| United States | Netherlands: road diesel supply | 116,050 | 5.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Germany | Netherlands: road diesel supply | 50,804 | 2.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Türkiye | Netherlands: road diesel supply | 50,733 | 2.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| United Arab Emirates | Netherlands: road diesel supply | 35,123 | 1.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Singapore | Netherlands: road diesel supply | 25,768 | 1.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Oman | Netherlands: road diesel supply | 20,590 | 0.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands: road diesel supply | 13,365 | 0.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| United States | Netherlands (own refineries) | 283,845 | 22.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands (own refineries) | 221,630 | 17.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| India: no crude data | India | 198,339 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands (own refineries) | 141,845 | 11.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Qatar: no crude data | Qatar | 136,413 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands (own refineries) | 121,293 | 9.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Netherlands (own refineries) | 116,850 | 9.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| United States: no crude data | United States | 116,050 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands (own refineries) | 113,630 | 9.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Netherlands: crude origin not reported | Netherlands (own refineries) | 102,293 | 8.3% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Brazil | Netherlands (own refineries) | 83,875 | 6.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Belgium | 68,449 | 23.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands (own refineries) | 51,672 | 4.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Türkiye: no crude data | Türkiye | 50,733 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 47,334 | 16.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Belgium: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 42,408 | 14.5% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United States | Belgium | 36,475 | 12.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| United Arab Emirates: no crude data | United Arab Emirates | 35,123 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 31,671 | 10.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Singapore: no crude data | Singapore | 25,768 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | Oman | 20,590 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United Kingdom | Belgium | 20,562 | 7.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Belgium | 18,168 | 6.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Belgium | 15,494 | 5.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | United Kingdom | 13,365 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Iraq | Belgium | 12,800 | 4.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Germany | 11,097 | 21.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Germany | 11,042 | 21.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Germany | 8,484 | 16.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany | 6,798 | 13.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Germany | 4,555 | 9.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Germany | 3,363 | 6.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Germany | 2,783 | 5.5% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Nigeria | Germany | 1,337 | 2.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Germany | 1,038 | 2.0% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Brazil | Germany | 307 | 0.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
Source & method
Source Period 2024-10 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2024-10 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the countries whose refineries made it. Right: Netherlands’s supply of road diesel in 2024-10, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2024-10 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2024-08 to 2024-10.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- India: no crude data (198,339 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Qatar: no crude data (136,413 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- United States: no crude data (116,050 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported (102,293 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Türkiye: no crude data (50,733 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Belgium: crude origin not reported (42,408 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- United Arab Emirates: no crude data (35,123 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: no crude data (33,955 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Singapore: no crude data (25,768 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (2,783 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (1,038 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only; fuel re-exported through a supplier is not followed further.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.