Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In October 2024, the Netherlands' petrol supply was 953 kt: 38% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Belgium (17%), the United Kingdom (14%) and Germany (9%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Norway (15%), the United States (13%) and Kazakhstan (8%), and 35% cannot be traced.
Country
Norway144 kt (est. 15%)United States124 kt (est. 13%)Kazakhstan72 kt (est. 8%)United Kingdom59 kt (est. 6%)Iraq47 kt (est. 5%)Brazil45 kt (est. 5%)Nigeria32 kt (est. 3%)Other crude origins101 kt (est. 11%)United Kingdom: no crude data129 kt (14%)Türkiye: no crude data60 kt (6%)Algeria: no crude data51 kt (5%)Netherlands: crude origin not reported30 kt (3%)Belgium: crude origin not reported24 kt (3%)United States: no crude data24 kt (3%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported9.2 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports3.3 kt (<1%)Netherlands (own refineries)358 kt (38%)Belgium166 kt (17%)United Kingdom129 kt (14%)Germany88 kt (9%)Türkiye60 kt (6%)Algeria51 kt (5%)Sweden26 kt (3%)United States24 kt (3%)Spain18 kt (2%)Portugal16 kt (2%)Lithuania16 kt (2%)Netherlands: petrol supply953 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Netherlands (own refineries)
- Belgium
- United Kingdom
- Germany
- Türkiye
- Algeria
- Sweden
- United States
- Other (3)
- Norway144 kt (est. 15%)
- United States124 kt (est. 13%)
- Kazakhstan72 kt (est. 8%)
- United Kingdom59 kt (est. 6%)
- Iraq47 kt (est. 5%)
- Brazil45 kt (est. 5%)
- Nigeria32 kt (est. 3%)
- Other crude origins101 kt (est. 11%)
- United Kingdom: no crude data129 kt (14%)
- Türkiye: no crude data60 kt (6%)
- Algeria: no crude data51 kt (5%)
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported30 kt (3%)
- Belgium: crude origin not reported24 kt (3%)
- United States: no crude data24 kt (3%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported9.2 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports3.3 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Netherlands (own refineries) | Netherlands: petrol supply | 358,059 | 37.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Belgium | Netherlands: petrol supply | 166,415 | 17.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands: petrol supply | 128,985 | 13.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Germany | Netherlands: petrol supply | 88,276 | 9.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Türkiye | Netherlands: petrol supply | 59,535 | 6.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Algeria | Netherlands: petrol supply | 51,357 | 5.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Sweden | Netherlands: petrol supply | 25,800 | 2.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| United States | Netherlands: petrol supply | 23,912 | 2.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Spain | Netherlands: petrol supply | 18,175 | 1.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Portugal | Netherlands: petrol supply | 16,144 | 1.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Lithuania | Netherlands: petrol supply | 16,114 | 1.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| United Kingdom: no crude data | United Kingdom | 128,985 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United States | Netherlands (own refineries) | 82,166 | 22.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands (own refineries) | 64,156 | 17.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Türkiye: no crude data | Türkiye | 59,535 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Algeria: no crude data | Algeria | 51,357 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands (own refineries) | 41,060 | 11.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Belgium | 38,829 | 23.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands (own refineries) | 35,111 | 9.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Netherlands (own refineries) | 33,825 | 9.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands (own refineries) | 32,893 | 9.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Netherlands: crude origin not reported | Netherlands (own refineries) | 29,611 | 8.3% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 26,851 | 16.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Netherlands (own refineries) | 24,280 | 6.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Belgium: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 24,057 | 14.5% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United States: no crude data | United States | 23,912 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United States | Belgium | 20,691 | 12.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Germany | 19,282 | 21.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Germany | 19,186 | 21.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 17,966 | 10.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Sweden | 15,995 | 62.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to Netherlands split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands (own refineries) | 14,958 | 4.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Germany | 14,741 | 16.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany | 11,812 | 13.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Belgium | 11,664 | 7.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Belgium | 10,306 | 6.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Spain | 8,795 | 48.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Belgium | 8,789 | 5.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Portugal | 8,678 | 53.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's petrol to Netherlands split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Germany | 7,914 | 9.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Belgium | 7,261 | 4.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Lithuania | 7,075 | 43.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Lithuania's petrol to Netherlands split by Lithuania's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Germany | 5,843 | 6.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Lithuania | 5,376 | 33.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Lithuania's petrol to Netherlands split by Lithuania's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Germany | 4,836 | 5.5% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Other crude origins | Portugal | 4,362 | 27.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's petrol to Netherlands split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Sweden | 3,464 | 13.4% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United States | Spain | 2,765 | 15.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Spain | 2,526 | 13.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Germany | 2,324 | 2.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Lithuania | 2,163 | 13.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Lithuania's petrol to Netherlands split by Lithuania's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Sweden | 1,922 | 7.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to Netherlands split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Sweden | 1,860 | 7.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to Netherlands split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Portugal | 1,824 | 11.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's petrol to Netherlands split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Germany | 1,804 | 2.0% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| United States | Lithuania | 1,434 | 8.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Lithuania's petrol to Netherlands split by Lithuania's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Spain | 1,335 | 7.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Sweden | 1,291 | 5.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to Netherlands split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Spain | 874 | 4.8% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Nigeria | Portugal | 865 | 5.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's petrol to Netherlands split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Spain | 705 | 3.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Sweden | 674 | 2.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to Netherlands split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Sweden | 593 | 2.3% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Brazil | Germany | 534 | 0.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Spain | 484 | 2.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Spain | 423 | 2.3% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Portugal | 414 | 2.6% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Norway | Spain | 269 | 1.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Lithuania | 67 | 0.4% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
Source & method
Source Period 2024-10 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2024-10 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Netherlands’s supply of petrol in 2024-10, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2024-10 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2024-08 to 2024-10.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- United Kingdom: no crude data (128,985 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Türkiye: no crude data (59,535 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Algeria: no crude data (51,357 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported (29,611 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Belgium: crude origin not reported (24,057 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- United States: no crude data (23,912 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (9,175 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (3,300 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.