Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In November 2024, the Netherlands' jet fuel supply was 1,094 kt: 57% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Kuwait (17%), Saudi Arabia (10%) and the South Korea (8%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the United States (15%), Norway (9%) and Iraq (7%), and 47% cannot be traced.
Country
United States162 kt (est. 15%)Norway96 kt (est. 9%)Iraq73 kt (est. 7%)Kazakhstan63 kt (est. 6%)Brazil56 kt (est. 5%)United Kingdom54 kt (est. 5%)Saudi Arabia20 kt (est. 2%)Other crude origins56 kt (est. 5%)Kuwait: no crude data188 kt (17%)Saudi Arabia: no crude data104 kt (10%)South Korea: no crude data83 kt (8%)India: no crude data77 kt (7%)Netherlands: crude origin not reported54 kt (5%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports6.1 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported1.5 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: no crude dataless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Netherlands (own refineries)622 kt (57%)Kuwait188 kt (17%)Saudi Arabia104 kt (10%)South Korea83 kt (8%)India77 kt (7%)Belgium9.9 kt (<1%)Germany6.5 kt (<1%)Italy3.1 kt (<1%)France0.1 kt (<1%)Japanless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Polandless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Netherlands: jet fuel supply1.09 Mt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Netherlands (own refineries)
- Kuwait
- Saudi Arabia
- South Korea
- India
- Belgium
- Germany
- Italy
- Other (3)
- United States162 kt (est. 15%)
- Norway96 kt (est. 9%)
- Iraq73 kt (est. 7%)
- Kazakhstan63 kt (est. 6%)
- Brazil56 kt (est. 5%)
- United Kingdom54 kt (est. 5%)
- Saudi Arabia20 kt (est. 2%)
- Other crude origins56 kt (est. 5%)
- Kuwait: no crude data188 kt (17%)
- Saudi Arabia: no crude data104 kt (10%)
- South Korea: no crude data83 kt (8%)
- India: no crude data77 kt (7%)
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported54 kt (5%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports6.1 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported1.5 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: no crude dataless than 0.1 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Netherlands (own refineries) | Netherlands: jet fuel supply | 621,594 | 56.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Kuwait | Netherlands: jet fuel supply | 188,342 | 17.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Saudi Arabia | Netherlands: jet fuel supply | 104,272 | 9.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| South Korea | Netherlands: jet fuel supply | 83,176 | 7.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| India | Netherlands: jet fuel supply | 76,855 | 7.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Belgium | Netherlands: jet fuel supply | 9,850 | 0.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Germany | Netherlands: jet fuel supply | 6,461 | 0.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Italy | Netherlands: jet fuel supply | 3,066 | 0.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kuwait: no crude data | Kuwait | 188,342 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United States | Netherlands (own refineries) | 159,271 | 25.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia: no crude data | Saudi Arabia | 104,272 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Norway | Netherlands (own refineries) | 92,029 | 14.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| South Korea: no crude data | South Korea | 83,176 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| India: no crude data | India | 76,855 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Iraq | Netherlands (own refineries) | 72,162 | 11.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands (own refineries) | 60,732 | 9.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Netherlands (own refineries) | 55,974 | 9.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Netherlands: crude origin not reported | Netherlands (own refineries) | 53,939 | 8.7% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands (own refineries) | 52,023 | 8.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands (own refineries) | 50,682 | 8.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Netherlands (own refineries) | 19,256 | 3.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Netherlands (own refineries) | 5,526 | 0.9% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 2,474 | 25.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Belgium | 2,045 | 20.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Italy | 1,582 | 51.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium | 1,513 | 15.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Germany | 1,459 | 22.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Germany | 1,358 | 21.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 1,106 | 11.2% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United States | Germany | 1,094 | 16.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Belgium | 962 | 9.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany | 888 | 13.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 875 | 8.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Germany | 598 | 9.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Belgium | 502 | 5.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Italy | 409 | 13.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Germany | 351 | 5.4% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Iraq | Germany | 342 | 5.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Belgium | 300 | 3.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Germany | 296 | 4.6% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| United States | Italy | 274 | 8.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Italy | 242 | 7.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Italy | 223 | 7.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Italy | 194 | 6.3% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Norway | Italy | 92 | 3.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Belgium | 73 | 0.7% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Saudi Arabia | Germany | 45 | 0.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Italy | 30 | 1.0% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Brazil | Germany | 30 | 0.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | France | 22 | 33.3% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Italy | 20 | 0.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | France | 17 | 25.3% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | Japan | 11 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Kazakhstan | France | 7 | 9.8% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | France | 6 | 9.6% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | France | 6 | 8.4% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Poland | 5 | 57.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Poland's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Poland's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | France | 3 | 4.4% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Saudi Arabia | France | 3 | 3.7% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | France | 2 | 3.4% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Poland | 2 | 19.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Poland's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Poland's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Poland | 1 | 14.1% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | France | 1 | 1.1% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| United Kingdom | France | 1 | 1.1% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Poland | 1 | 7.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Poland's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Poland's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Poland | 0 | 1.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Poland's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Poland's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Poland | 0 | 0.4% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
3 flows with a share under 0.1% are not listed here. They are still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2024-11 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2024-11 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Netherlands’s supply of jet fuel in 2024-11, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2024-11 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2024-09 to 2024-11.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Kuwait: no crude data (188,342 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Saudi Arabia: no crude data (104,272 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- South Korea: no crude data (83,176 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- India: no crude data (76,855 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported (53,939 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (6,090 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (1,492 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: no crude data (11 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.