Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In November 2024, the Netherlands' petrol supply was 873 kt: 33% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Belgium (16%), the United Kingdom (15%) and Spain (14%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the United States (16%), Norway (12%) and Kazakhstan (7%), and 29% cannot be traced.
Country
United States139 kt (est. 16%)Norway104 kt (est. 12%)Kazakhstan60 kt (est. 7%)Brazil55 kt (est. 6%)Iraq50 kt (est. 6%)United Kingdom48 kt (est. 5%)Nigeria25 kt (est. 3%)Other crude origins138 kt (est. 16%)United Kingdom: no crude data127 kt (15%)Algeria: no crude data63 kt (7%)Netherlands: crude origin not reported25 kt (3%)Belgium: crude origin not reported16 kt (2%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports13 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported11 kt (1%)Netherlands (own refineries)284 kt (33%)Belgium139 kt (16%)United Kingdom127 kt (15%)Spain119 kt (14%)Germany83 kt (9%)Algeria63 kt (7%)France18 kt (2%)Sweden12 kt (1%)Portugal11 kt (1%)Denmark9.7 kt (1%)Finland6.4 kt (<1%)Netherlands: petrol supply873 kt (100%)
Tap a country to follow its flows. Tap it again, or use the close button, to clear.
Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Netherlands (own refineries)
- Belgium
- United Kingdom
- Spain
- Germany
- Algeria
- France
- Sweden
- Other (3)
- United States139 kt (est. 16%)
- Norway104 kt (est. 12%)
- Kazakhstan60 kt (est. 7%)
- Brazil55 kt (est. 6%)
- Iraq50 kt (est. 6%)
- United Kingdom48 kt (est. 5%)
- Nigeria25 kt (est. 3%)
- Other crude origins138 kt (est. 16%)
- United Kingdom: no crude data127 kt (15%)
- Algeria: no crude data63 kt (7%)
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported25 kt (3%)
- Belgium: crude origin not reported16 kt (2%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports13 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported11 kt (1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Dashed: estimated from published euro value
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Dashed: estimated from published euro value
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Netherlands (own refineries) | Netherlands: petrol supply | 284,453 | 32.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Belgium | Netherlands: petrol supply | 139,434 | 16.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands: petrol supply | 127,155 | 14.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Spain | Netherlands: petrol supply | 119,107 | 13.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Germany | Netherlands: petrol supply | 82,820 | 9.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Algeria | Netherlands: petrol supply | 62,570 | 7.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| France | Netherlands: petrol supply | 18,052 | 2.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Sweden | Netherlands: petrol supply | 11,959 | 1.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Portugal | Netherlands: petrol supply | 11,325 | 1.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Denmark | Netherlands: petrol supply | 9,677 | 1.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Finland | Netherlands: petrol supply | 6,395 | 0.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| United Kingdom: no crude data | United Kingdom | 127,155 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United States | Netherlands (own refineries) | 72,885 | 25.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria: no crude data | Algeria | 62,570 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Other crude origins | Spain | 56,626 | 47.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands (own refineries) | 42,114 | 14.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Netherlands (own refineries) | 33,023 | 11.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 30,569 | 21.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Belgium | 28,948 | 20.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands (own refineries) | 27,792 | 9.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Netherlands (own refineries) | 25,615 | 9.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands (own refineries) | 25,249 | 8.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Netherlands: crude origin not reported | Netherlands (own refineries) | 24,684 | 8.7% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands (own refineries) | 23,807 | 8.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium | 21,412 | 15.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Spain | 17,900 | 15.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Spain | 17,657 | 14.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Germany | 17,410 | 21.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Germany | 16,977 | 20.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Belgium: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 15,655 | 11.2% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United States | Germany | 14,025 | 16.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Belgium | 13,618 | 9.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 12,389 | 8.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany | 11,389 | 13.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Spain | 8,974 | 7.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Germany | 7,669 | 9.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Sweden | 7,148 | 59.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to Netherlands split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Belgium | 7,108 | 5.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands (own refineries) | 6,755 | 2.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Spain | 6,456 | 5.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Portugal | 6,008 | 53.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's petrol to Netherlands split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Denmark | 5,067 | 52.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Denmark's petrol to Netherlands split by Denmark's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | France | 4,559 | 25.3% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Germany | 4,500 | 5.4% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Other crude origins | France | 4,488 | 24.9% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Belgium | 4,451 | 3.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Germany | 4,380 | 5.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Belgium | 4,251 | 3.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Spain | 4,143 | 3.5% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Norway | Finland | 3,904 | 61.0% | EstimatedPartly estimated from published euro value. Estimate: Finland's petrol to Netherlands split by Finland's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Finland did not publish its crude imports for part of that window; those months use crude imports estimated from the euro values it did publish (customs basis). |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Germany | 3,794 | 4.6% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Iraq | Spain | 3,764 | 3.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Portugal | 2,940 | 26.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's petrol to Netherlands split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Netherlands (own refineries) | 2,529 | 0.9% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Denmark | 2,393 | 24.7% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Nigeria | Germany | 2,295 | 2.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | France | 2,191 | 12.1% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Spain | 1,968 | 1.7% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Sweden | 1,918 | 16.0% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Kazakhstan | France | 1,765 | 9.8% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | France | 1,738 | 9.6% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Denmark | 1,712 | 17.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Denmark's petrol to Netherlands split by Denmark's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | France | 1,522 | 8.4% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Portugal | 1,381 | 12.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's petrol to Netherlands split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Sweden | 1,186 | 9.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to Netherlands split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Spain | 1,141 | 1.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Finland | 1,100 | 17.2% | EstimatedPartly estimated from published euro value. Estimate: Finland's petrol to Netherlands split by Finland's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Finland did not publish its crude imports for part of that window; those months use crude imports estimated from the euro values it did publish (customs basis). |
| United Kingdom | Sweden | 1,058 | 8.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to Netherlands split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Belgium | 1,033 | 0.7% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| United States | Finland | 823 | 12.9% | EstimatedPartly estimated from published euro value. Estimate: Finland's petrol to Netherlands split by Finland's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Finland did not publish its crude imports for part of that window; those months use crude imports estimated from the euro values it did publish (customs basis). |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | France | 798 | 4.4% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Brazil | France | 607 | 3.4% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Portugal | 591 | 5.2% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Other crude origins | Finland | 569 | 8.9% | EstimatedPartly estimated from published euro value. Estimate: Finland's petrol to Netherlands split by Finland's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Finland did not publish its crude imports for part of that window; those months use crude imports estimated from the euro values it did publish (customs basis). |
| Other crude origins | Denmark | 506 | 5.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Denmark's petrol to Netherlands split by Denmark's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Spain | 478 | 0.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Sweden | 463 | 3.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to Netherlands split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Portugal | 405 | 3.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's petrol to Netherlands split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Germany | 380 | 0.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | France | 194 | 1.1% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| United Kingdom | France | 191 | 1.1% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Sweden | 124 | 1.0% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Other crude origins | Sweden | 62 | 0.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to Netherlands split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
Source & method
Source Period 2024-11 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2024-11 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Netherlands’s supply of petrol in 2024-11, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Dashed crude links rest partly on crude imports estimated from published euro values: a supplier did not publish its crude imports for some months of the window (docs/METHODOLOGY.md section 6.1). Customs basis, INFERRED. Method
Month: 2024-11 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2024-09 to 2024-11.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- United Kingdom: no crude data (127,155 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Algeria: no crude data (62,570 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported (24,684 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Belgium: crude origin not reported (15,655 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (12,626 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (11,359 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.