Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In December 2024, the Netherlands' jet fuel supply was 874 kt: 74% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Kuwait (16%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the United States (22%), Norway (11%) and Brazil (8%), and 29% cannot be traced.
Country
United States192 kt (est. 22%)Norway100 kt (est. 11%)Brazil69 kt (est. 8%)Iraq68 kt (est. 8%)United Kingdom67 kt (est. 8%)Kazakhstan51 kt (est. 6%)Libya22 kt (est. 2%)Other crude origins50 kt (est. 6%)Kuwait: no crude data142 kt (16%)United States: no crude data42 kt (5%)Netherlands: crude origin not reported40 kt (5%)China: no crude data16 kt (2%)Saudi Arabia: no crude data14 kt (2%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported1.2 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.2 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: no crude dataless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Netherlands (own refineries)647 kt (74%)Kuwait142 kt (16%)United States42 kt (5%)China16 kt (2%)Saudi Arabia14 kt (2%)Belgium10 kt (1%)Germany3.0 kt (<1%)Franceless than 0.1 kt (<1%)South Korealess than 0.1 kt (<1%)Czechialess than 0.1 kt (<1%)Swedenless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Netherlands: jet fuel supply874 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Netherlands (own refineries)
- Kuwait
- United States
- China
- Saudi Arabia
- Belgium
- Germany
- France
- Other (3)
- United States192 kt (est. 22%)
- Norway100 kt (est. 11%)
- Brazil69 kt (est. 8%)
- Iraq68 kt (est. 8%)
- United Kingdom67 kt (est. 8%)
- Kazakhstan51 kt (est. 6%)
- Libya22 kt (est. 2%)
- Other crude origins50 kt (est. 6%)
- Kuwait: no crude data142 kt (16%)
- United States: no crude data42 kt (5%)
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported40 kt (5%)
- China: no crude data16 kt (2%)
- Saudi Arabia: no crude data14 kt (2%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported1.2 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.2 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: no crude dataless than 0.1 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Netherlands (own refineries) | Netherlands: jet fuel supply | 646,818 | 74.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Kuwait | Netherlands: jet fuel supply | 142,406 | 16.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| United States | Netherlands: jet fuel supply | 42,304 | 4.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| China | Netherlands: jet fuel supply | 15,999 | 1.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Saudi Arabia | Netherlands: jet fuel supply | 13,636 | 1.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Belgium | Netherlands: jet fuel supply | 10,004 | 1.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Germany | Netherlands: jet fuel supply | 2,991 | 0.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| United States | Netherlands (own refineries) | 189,436 | 29.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Kuwait: no crude data | Kuwait | 142,406 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Norway | Netherlands (own refineries) | 97,135 | 15.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Netherlands (own refineries) | 68,384 | 10.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Netherlands (own refineries) | 67,853 | 10.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands (own refineries) | 66,076 | 10.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands (own refineries) | 49,297 | 7.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands (own refineries) | 47,556 | 7.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| United States: no crude data | United States | 42,304 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Netherlands: crude origin not reported | Netherlands (own refineries) | 40,048 | 6.2% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Libya | Netherlands (own refineries) | 21,033 | 3.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| China: no crude data | China | 15,999 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Saudi Arabia: no crude data | Saudi Arabia | 13,636 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Norway | Belgium | 2,043 | 20.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium | 2,039 | 20.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 1,997 | 20.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 916 | 9.2% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 832 | 8.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Belgium | 784 | 7.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Germany | 569 | 19.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Germany | 533 | 17.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Belgium | 511 | 5.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Germany | 488 | 16.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Belgium | 441 | 4.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany | 399 | 13.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Belgium | 363 | 3.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Germany | 281 | 9.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Germany | 268 | 9.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Germany | 232 | 7.8% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Iraq | Germany | 124 | 4.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Germany | 79 | 2.6% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Belgium | 78 | 0.8% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | South Korea | 26 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Brazil | Germany | 18 | 0.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | France | 15 | 33.9% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | France | 12 | 26.5% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Czechia | 9 | 84.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Sweden | 5 | 49.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | France | 5 | 10.5% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | France | 4 | 9.1% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | France | 4 | 8.0% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | France | 3 | 7.7% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Sweden | 2 | 21.2% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Kazakhstan | Czechia | 1 | 12.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Sweden | 1 | 11.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Sweden | 1 | 11.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | France | 1 | 2.1% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United Kingdom | France | 1 | 2.1% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Sweden | 0 | 4.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Czechia | 0 | 3.0% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Libya | Sweden | 0 | 2.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | France | 0 | 0.1% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
4 flows with a share under 0.1% are not listed here. They are still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2024-12 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2024-12 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Netherlands’s supply of jet fuel in 2024-12, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2024-12 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2024-10 to 2024-12.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Kuwait: no crude data (142,406 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- United States: no crude data (42,304 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported (40,048 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- China: no crude data (15,999 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Saudi Arabia: no crude data (13,636 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (1,151 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (157 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: no crude data (26 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.