Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In December 2024, the Netherlands' petrol supply was 1,013 kt: 35% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from the United Kingdom (15%), Germany (14%) and Belgium (12%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the United States (17%), Norway (13%) and Brazil (7%), and 28% cannot be traced.
Country
United States172 kt (est. 17%)Norway132 kt (est. 13%)Brazil67 kt (est. 7%)United Kingdom66 kt (est. 6%)Kazakhstan64 kt (est. 6%)Iraq54 kt (est. 5%)Libya41 kt (est. 4%)Other crude origins134 kt (est. 13%)United Kingdom: no crude data155 kt (15%)Türkiye: no crude data25 kt (2%)Netherlands: crude origin not reported22 kt (2%)Algeria: no crude data19 kt (2%)Israel: no crude data19 kt (2%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported13 kt (1%)Belgium: crude origin not reported11 kt (1%)Germany: crude origin not reported11 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports7.7 kt (<1%)Netherlands (own refineries)356 kt (35%)United Kingdom155 kt (15%)Germany142 kt (14%)Belgium126 kt (12%)Spain60 kt (6%)Sweden48 kt (5%)Italy39 kt (4%)Portugal26 kt (3%)Türkiye25 kt (2%)Algeria19 kt (2%)Israel19 kt (2%)Netherlands: petrol supply1.01 Mt (100%)
Tap a country to follow its flows. Tap it again, or use the close button, to clear.
Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Netherlands (own refineries)
- United Kingdom
- Germany
- Belgium
- Spain
- Sweden
- Italy
- Portugal
- Other (3)
- United States172 kt (est. 17%)
- Norway132 kt (est. 13%)
- Brazil67 kt (est. 7%)
- United Kingdom66 kt (est. 6%)
- Kazakhstan64 kt (est. 6%)
- Iraq54 kt (est. 5%)
- Libya41 kt (est. 4%)
- Other crude origins134 kt (est. 13%)
- United Kingdom: no crude data155 kt (15%)
- Türkiye: no crude data25 kt (2%)
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported22 kt (2%)
- Algeria: no crude data19 kt (2%)
- Israel: no crude data19 kt (2%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported13 kt (1%)
- Belgium: crude origin not reported11 kt (1%)
- Germany: crude origin not reported11 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports7.7 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Netherlands (own refineries) | Netherlands: petrol supply | 355,957 | 35.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands: petrol supply | 155,053 | 15.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Germany | Netherlands: petrol supply | 141,574 | 14.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Belgium | Netherlands: petrol supply | 125,603 | 12.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Spain | Netherlands: petrol supply | 59,652 | 5.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Sweden | Netherlands: petrol supply | 47,602 | 4.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Italy | Netherlands: petrol supply | 39,499 | 3.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Portugal | Netherlands: petrol supply | 25,813 | 2.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Türkiye | Netherlands: petrol supply | 24,938 | 2.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Algeria | Netherlands: petrol supply | 19,097 | 1.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Israel | Netherlands: petrol supply | 18,549 | 1.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| United Kingdom: no crude data | United Kingdom | 155,053 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United States | Netherlands (own refineries) | 104,250 | 29.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands (own refineries) | 53,455 | 15.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Netherlands (own refineries) | 37,633 | 10.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Netherlands (own refineries) | 37,341 | 10.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands (own refineries) | 36,363 | 10.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Spain | 30,059 | 50.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands (own refineries) | 27,129 | 7.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Germany | 26,930 | 19.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands (own refineries) | 26,171 | 7.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Belgium | 25,647 | 20.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium | 25,596 | 20.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Germany | 25,249 | 17.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 25,069 | 20.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Türkiye: no crude data | Türkiye | 24,938 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Norway | Sweden | 23,362 | 49.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to Netherlands split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Germany | 23,075 | 16.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Netherlands: crude origin not reported | Netherlands (own refineries) | 22,039 | 6.2% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Algeria: no crude data | Algeria | 19,097 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany | 18,881 | 13.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Israel: no crude data | Israel | 18,549 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Other crude origins | Italy | 17,245 | 43.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Netherlands split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Portugal | 13,366 | 51.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's petrol to Netherlands split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Germany | 13,303 | 9.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Germany | 12,707 | 9.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Netherlands (own refineries) | 11,575 | 3.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Belgium: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 11,495 | 9.2% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Germany: crude origin not reported | Germany | 10,994 | 7.8% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 10,443 | 8.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Sweden | 10,087 | 21.2% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United Kingdom | Belgium | 9,847 | 7.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Spain | 8,910 | 14.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Spain | 8,763 | 14.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Portugal | 8,231 | 31.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's petrol to Netherlands split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Italy | 7,421 | 18.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Netherlands split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Belgium | 6,422 | 5.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Germany | 5,866 | 4.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Sweden | 5,630 | 11.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to Netherlands split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Sweden | 5,625 | 11.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to Netherlands split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Belgium | 5,543 | 4.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Italy | 5,336 | 13.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Netherlands split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Belgium | 4,556 | 3.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Spain | 3,726 | 6.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Germany | 3,721 | 2.6% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Iraq | Italy | 3,363 | 8.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Netherlands split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Spain | 2,625 | 4.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Italy | 2,569 | 6.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Netherlands split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Spain | 2,566 | 4.3% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United States | Portugal | 2,213 | 8.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's petrol to Netherlands split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Sweden | 1,953 | 4.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to Netherlands split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Spain | 1,868 | 3.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Italy | 1,854 | 4.7% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Norway | Italy | 1,175 | 3.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Netherlands split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Portugal | 1,102 | 4.3% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Belgium | 984 | 0.8% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Libya | Sweden | 945 | 2.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to Netherlands split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Portugal | 901 | 3.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's petrol to Netherlands split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Spain | 901 | 1.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Germany | 848 | 0.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Italy | 367 | 0.9% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United Kingdom | Spain | 235 | 0.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Italy | 169 | 0.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Netherlands split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
Source & method
Source Period 2024-12 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2024-12 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Netherlands’s supply of petrol in 2024-12, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2024-12 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2024-10 to 2024-12.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- United Kingdom: no crude data (155,053 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Türkiye: no crude data (24,938 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported (22,039 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Algeria: no crude data (19,097 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Israel: no crude data (18,549 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (13,020 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Belgium: crude origin not reported (11,495 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Germany: crude origin not reported (10,994 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (7,660 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.