Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In January 2025, the Netherlands' jet fuel supply was 666 kt: 90% from its own refineries; tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the United States (26%), Norway (15%) and Brazil (9%), and 13% cannot be traced.
Country
United States172 kt (est. 26%)Norway102 kt (est. 15%)Brazil61 kt (est. 9%)Kazakhstan58 kt (est. 9%)Iraq55 kt (est. 8%)United Kingdom53 kt (est. 8%)Libya18 kt (est. 3%)Other crude origins55 kt (est. 8%)Netherlands: crude not from imports36 kt (5%)Netherlands: crude origin not reported34 kt (5%)Saudi Arabia: no crude data12 kt (2%)Smaller flows: no crude data3.5 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported3.3 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.9 kt (<1%)Netherlands (own refineries)601 kt (90%)Germany28 kt (4%)Belgium21 kt (3%)Saudi Arabia12 kt (2%)China3.4 kt (<1%)France0.1 kt (<1%)United Kingdomless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Switzerlandless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Italyless than 0.1 kt (<1%)South Korealess than 0.1 kt (<1%)Spainless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Netherlands: jet fuel supply666 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Netherlands (own refineries)
- Germany
- Belgium
- Saudi Arabia
- China
- France
- United Kingdom
- Switzerland
- Other (3)
- United States172 kt (est. 26%)
- Norway102 kt (est. 15%)
- Brazil61 kt (est. 9%)
- Kazakhstan58 kt (est. 9%)
- Iraq55 kt (est. 8%)
- United Kingdom53 kt (est. 8%)
- Libya18 kt (est. 3%)
- Other crude origins55 kt (est. 8%)
- Netherlands: crude not from imports36 kt (5%)
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported34 kt (5%)
- Saudi Arabia: no crude data12 kt (2%)
- Smaller flows: no crude data3.5 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported3.3 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.9 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Netherlands (own refineries) | Netherlands: jet fuel supply | 601,167 | 90.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Germany | Netherlands: jet fuel supply | 27,679 | 4.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Belgium | Netherlands: jet fuel supply | 21,390 | 3.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Saudi Arabia | Netherlands: jet fuel supply | 12,034 | 1.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| China | Netherlands: jet fuel supply | 3,407 | 0.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| United States | Netherlands (own refineries) | 163,013 | 27.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands (own refineries) | 92,824 | 15.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Netherlands (own refineries) | 59,919 | 10.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Netherlands (own refineries) | 53,728 | 8.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands (own refineries) | 52,821 | 8.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands (own refineries) | 48,611 | 8.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands (own refineries) | 45,885 | 7.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Netherlands: crude not from imports | Netherlands (own refineries) | 36,145 | 6.0% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Netherlands: crude origin not reported | Netherlands (own refineries) | 33,718 | 5.6% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Libya | Netherlands (own refineries) | 14,503 | 2.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia: no crude data | Saudi Arabia | 12,034 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Other crude origins | Germany | 4,916 | 17.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Germany | 4,872 | 17.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Belgium | 4,747 | 22.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium | 4,507 | 21.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Germany | 4,437 | 16.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 4,425 | 20.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany | 3,500 | 12.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | China | 3,407 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Libya | Germany | 3,131 | 11.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Germany | 2,639 | 9.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Germany | 2,402 | 8.7% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 2,145 | 10.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Belgium | 1,575 | 7.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Belgium | 1,326 | 6.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Belgium | 1,051 | 4.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Germany | 940 | 3.4% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 926 | 4.3% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Iraq | Germany | 701 | 2.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Belgium | 688 | 3.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Germany | 141 | 0.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | United Kingdom | 29 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Other crude origins | France | 27 | 30.1% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | France | 23 | 25.6% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | Switzerland | 17 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | South Korea | 12 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Norway | France | 9 | 10.6% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | France | 9 | 9.7% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | France | 7 | 8.4% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Spain | 6 | 53.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | France | 5 | 6.0% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Italy | 5 | 38.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | France | 3 | 3.5% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Libya | Italy | 3 | 23.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | France | 2 | 2.2% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Brazil | France | 2 | 2.2% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Spain | 2 | 15.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Spain | 2 | 14.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | France | 2 | 1.8% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Italy | 1 | 12.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Italy | 1 | 7.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Italy | 1 | 6.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Italy | 1 | 6.2% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Libya | Spain | 1 | 5.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Italy | 0 | 4.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Spain | 0 | 3.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Spain | 0 | 2.9% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Iraq | Spain | 0 | 2.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Italy | 0 | 1.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Spain | 0 | 1.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Spain | 0 | 0.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Italy | 0 | 0.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
6 flows with a share under 0.1% are not listed here. They are still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2025-01 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2025-01 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Netherlands’s supply of jet fuel in 2025-01, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2025-01 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2024-11 to 2025-01.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Netherlands: crude not from imports (36,145 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported (33,718 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Saudi Arabia: no crude data (12,034 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: no crude data (3,465 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (3,331 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (944 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.