Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In March 2025, the Netherlands' road diesel supply was 1,770 kt: 66% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Belgium (16%) and Germany (12%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the United States (19%), Norway (18%) and Kazakhstan (13%), and 7% cannot be traced.
Country
United States336 kt (est. 19%)Norway327 kt (est. 18%)Kazakhstan236 kt (est. 13%)United Kingdom163 kt (est. 9%)Iraq119 kt (est. 7%)Nigeria107 kt (est. 6%)Brazil90 kt (est. 5%)Other crude origins262 kt (est. 15%)Netherlands: crude origin not reported74 kt (4%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports25 kt (1%)Germany: crude origin not reported22 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported5.9 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: no crude data4.6 kt (<1%)Netherlands (own refineries)1.16 Mt (66%)Belgium291 kt (16%)Germany206 kt (12%)Spain70 kt (4%)Sweden28 kt (2%)Norway4.6 kt (<1%)France4.3 kt (<1%)Denmark1.8 kt (<1%)Poland0.2 kt (<1%)Czechia0.1 kt (<1%)Italy0.1 kt (<1%)Netherlands: road diesel supply1.77 Mt (100%)
Tap a country to follow its flows. Tap it again, or use the close button, to clear.
Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Netherlands (own refineries)
- Belgium
- Germany
- Spain
- Sweden
- Norway
- France
- Denmark
- Other (3)
- United States336 kt (est. 19%)
- Norway327 kt (est. 18%)
- Kazakhstan236 kt (est. 13%)
- United Kingdom163 kt (est. 9%)
- Iraq119 kt (est. 7%)
- Nigeria107 kt (est. 6%)
- Brazil90 kt (est. 5%)
- Other crude origins262 kt (est. 15%)
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported74 kt (4%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports25 kt (1%)
- Germany: crude origin not reported22 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported5.9 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: no crude data4.6 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Netherlands (own refineries) | Netherlands: road diesel supply | 1,163,081 | 65.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Belgium | Netherlands: road diesel supply | 290,781 | 16.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Germany | Netherlands: road diesel supply | 206,296 | 11.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Spain | Netherlands: road diesel supply | 70,485 | 4.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Sweden | Netherlands: road diesel supply | 28,252 | 1.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Norway | Netherlands: road diesel supply | 4,564 | 0.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| France | Netherlands: road diesel supply | 4,343 | 0.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Denmark | Netherlands: road diesel supply | 1,847 | 0.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| United States | Netherlands (own refineries) | 240,436 | 20.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands (own refineries) | 206,314 | 17.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands (own refineries) | 170,415 | 14.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands (own refineries) | 121,415 | 10.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands (own refineries) | 102,637 | 8.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Netherlands (own refineries) | 91,433 | 7.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 73,953 | 25.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Netherlands: crude origin not reported | Netherlands (own refineries) | 73,699 | 6.3% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Brazil | Netherlands (own refineries) | 71,252 | 6.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands (own refineries) | 69,993 | 6.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Belgium | 61,621 | 21.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium | 47,657 | 16.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Germany | 42,693 | 20.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Germany | 42,384 | 20.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 39,074 | 13.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Spain | 37,522 | 53.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Germany | 33,892 | 16.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany | 22,611 | 11.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Germany: crude origin not reported | Germany | 21,673 | 10.5% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United Kingdom | Germany | 21,672 | 10.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Belgium | 21,094 | 7.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Belgium | 18,832 | 6.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Belgium | 17,665 | 6.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Sweden | 15,636 | 55.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Netherlands split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Netherlands (own refineries) | 15,486 | 1.3% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Brazil | Spain | 11,969 | 17.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Spain | 8,934 | 12.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Germany | 8,632 | 4.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Germany | 6,579 | 3.2% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 5,851 | 2.0% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Nigeria | Spain | 5,578 | 7.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Germany | 5,403 | 2.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Belgium | 5,035 | 1.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | Norway | 4,564 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Other crude origins | Sweden | 4,381 | 15.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Netherlands split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Sweden | 3,755 | 13.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Netherlands split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Spain | 3,094 | 4.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Spain | 2,834 | 4.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Sweden | 1,770 | 6.3% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| United Kingdom | Sweden | 1,473 | 5.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Netherlands split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | France | 1,009 | 23.2% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | France | 921 | 21.2% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Sweden | 830 | 2.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Netherlands split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Germany | 758 | 0.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | France | 673 | 15.5% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Denmark | 628 | 34.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Denmark's road diesel to Netherlands split by Denmark's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Denmark | 607 | 32.8% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Nigeria | France | 588 | 13.5% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | France | 462 | 10.6% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Denmark | 421 | 22.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Denmark's road diesel to Netherlands split by Denmark's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Sweden | 407 | 1.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Netherlands split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Spain | 303 | 0.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | France | 294 | 6.8% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Spain | 252 | 0.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | France | 205 | 4.7% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | France | 138 | 3.2% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Other crude origins | Denmark | 104 | 5.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Denmark's road diesel to Netherlands split by Denmark's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Czechia | 95 | 71.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's road diesel to Netherlands split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Denmark | 87 | 4.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Denmark's road diesel to Netherlands split by Denmark's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Poland | 78 | 50.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Poland's road diesel to Netherlands split by Poland's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | France | 54 | 1.2% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Other crude origins | Italy | 47 | 54.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Netherlands split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Poland | 31 | 20.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Poland's road diesel to Netherlands split by Poland's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Czechia | 21 | 15.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's road diesel to Netherlands split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Czechia | 18 | 13.3% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Poland | 13 | 8.3% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Kazakhstan | Italy | 12 | 13.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Netherlands split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Poland | 10 | 6.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Poland's road diesel to Netherlands split by Poland's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Poland | 10 | 6.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Poland's road diesel to Netherlands split by Poland's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Poland | 7 | 4.9% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| United States | Italy | 6 | 6.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Netherlands split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Italy | 6 | 6.5% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Iraq | Italy | 5 | 6.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Netherlands split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Poland | 5 | 3.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Poland's road diesel to Netherlands split by Poland's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Italy | 5 | 5.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Netherlands split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Italy | 3 | 3.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Netherlands split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Italy | 3 | 3.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Netherlands split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Italy | 0 | 0.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Netherlands split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
4 flows with a share under 0.1% are not listed here. They are still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2025-03 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2025-03 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Netherlands’s supply of road diesel in 2025-03, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2025-03 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2025-01 to 2025-03.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported (73,699 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (24,611 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Germany: crude origin not reported (21,673 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (5,919 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: no crude data (4,564 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.