Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In March 2025, the Netherlands' jet fuel supply was 1,075 kt: 62% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Kuwait (17%), the United Arab Emirates (11%) and Germany (8%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the United States (14%), Norway (13%) and Kazakhstan (10%), and 34% cannot be traced.
Country
United States156 kt (est. 14%)Norway142 kt (est. 13%)Kazakhstan110 kt (est. 10%)United Kingdom80 kt (est. 7%)Iraq56 kt (est. 5%)Nigeria45 kt (est. 4%)Brazil41 kt (est. 4%)Other crude origins83 kt (est. 8%)Kuwait: no crude data184 kt (17%)United Arab Emirates: no crude data114 kt (11%)Netherlands: crude origin not reported42 kt (4%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports12 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported9.4 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: no crude data0.1 kt (<1%)Netherlands (own refineries)663 kt (62%)Kuwait184 kt (17%)United Arab Emirates114 kt (11%)Germany83 kt (8%)Belgium29 kt (3%)Finland1.7 kt (<1%)South Korealess than 0.1 kt (<1%)United Statesless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Franceless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Czechialess than 0.1 kt (<1%)Switzerlandless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Netherlands: jet fuel supply1.07 Mt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Netherlands (own refineries)
- Kuwait
- United Arab Emirates
- Germany
- Belgium
- Finland
- South Korea
- United States
- Other (3)
- United States156 kt (est. 14%)
- Norway142 kt (est. 13%)
- Kazakhstan110 kt (est. 10%)
- United Kingdom80 kt (est. 7%)
- Iraq56 kt (est. 5%)
- Nigeria45 kt (est. 4%)
- Brazil41 kt (est. 4%)
- Other crude origins83 kt (est. 8%)
- Kuwait: no crude data184 kt (17%)
- United Arab Emirates: no crude data114 kt (11%)
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported42 kt (4%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports12 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported9.4 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: no crude data0.1 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Netherlands (own refineries)663 kt (62%)
- Kuwait184 kt (17%)
- United Arab Emirates114 kt (11%)
- Germany83 kt (8%)
- Belgium29 kt (3%)
- Finland1.7 kt (<1%)
- South Korealess than 0.1 kt (<1%)
- United Statesless than 0.1 kt (<1%)
- Franceless than 0.1 kt (<1%)
- Czechialess than 0.1 kt (<1%)
- Switzerlandless than 0.1 kt (<1%)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Dashed: estimated from published euro value
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Dashed: estimated from published euro value
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Netherlands (own refineries) | Netherlands: jet fuel supply | 662,970 | 61.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Kuwait | Netherlands: jet fuel supply | 183,907 | 17.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| United Arab Emirates | Netherlands: jet fuel supply | 114,011 | 10.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Germany | Netherlands: jet fuel supply | 83,265 | 7.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Belgium | Netherlands: jet fuel supply | 29,025 | 2.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Finland | Netherlands: jet fuel supply | 1,651 | 0.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kuwait: no crude data | Kuwait | 183,907 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United States | Netherlands (own refineries) | 137,051 | 20.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands (own refineries) | 117,602 | 17.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| United Arab Emirates: no crude data | United Arab Emirates | 114,011 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands (own refineries) | 97,139 | 14.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands (own refineries) | 69,208 | 10.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands (own refineries) | 58,504 | 8.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Netherlands (own refineries) | 52,118 | 7.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Netherlands: crude origin not reported | Netherlands (own refineries) | 42,009 | 6.3% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Brazil | Netherlands (own refineries) | 40,614 | 6.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands (own refineries) | 39,897 | 6.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Germany | 17,232 | 20.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Germany | 17,107 | 20.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Germany | 13,679 | 16.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany | 9,126 | 11.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Netherlands (own refineries) | 8,827 | 1.3% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Germany | 8,748 | 10.5% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United Kingdom | Germany | 8,747 | 10.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 7,382 | 25.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Belgium | 6,151 | 21.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium | 4,757 | 16.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 3,900 | 13.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Germany | 3,484 | 4.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Germany | 2,655 | 3.2% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Iraq | Germany | 2,181 | 2.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Belgium | 2,106 | 7.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Belgium | 1,880 | 6.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Belgium | 1,763 | 6.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Finland | 1,350 | 81.8% | EstimatedPartly estimated from published euro value. Estimate: Finland's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Finland's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Finland did not publish its crude imports for part of that window; those months use crude imports estimated from the euro values it did publish (customs basis). |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 584 | 2.0% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Brazil | Belgium | 503 | 1.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Germany | 306 | 0.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Finland | 141 | 8.6% | EstimatedPartly estimated from published euro value. Estimate: Finland's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Finland's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Finland did not publish its crude imports for part of that window; those months use crude imports estimated from the euro values it did publish (customs basis). |
| United Kingdom | Finland | 67 | 4.1% | EstimatedPartly estimated from published euro value. Estimate: Finland's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Finland's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Finland did not publish its crude imports for part of that window; those months use crude imports estimated from the euro values it did publish (customs basis). |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Finland | 55 | 3.3% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | South Korea | 44 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Finland | 37 | 2.3% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | United States | 36 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | Switzerland | 21 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Other crude origins | Czechia | 15 | 71.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | France | 7 | 23.2% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | France | 6 | 21.2% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | France | 4 | 15.5% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | France | 4 | 13.5% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Czechia | 3 | 15.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | France | 3 | 10.6% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Czechia | 3 | 13.3% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Iraq | France | 2 | 6.8% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | France | 1 | 4.7% | EstimatedEstimate: France's jet fuel to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | France | 1 | 3.2% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | France | 0 | 1.2% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
6 flows with a share under 0.1% are not listed here. They are still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2025-03 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2025-03 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Netherlands’s supply of jet fuel in 2025-03, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Dashed crude links rest partly on crude imports estimated from published euro values: a supplier did not publish its crude imports for some months of the window (docs/METHODOLOGY.md section 6.1). Customs basis, INFERRED. Method
Month: 2025-03 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2025-01 to 2025-03.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Kuwait: no crude data (183,907 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- United Arab Emirates: no crude data (114,011 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported (42,009 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (11,541 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (9,369 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: no crude data (101 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.