Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In March 2025, the Netherlands' petrol supply was 1,023 kt: 31% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Belgium (18%), Germany (13%) and Sweden (9%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Norway (18%), the United States (14%) and Kazakhstan (9%), and 17% cannot be traced.
Country
Norway183 kt (est. 18%)United States144 kt (est. 14%)Kazakhstan95 kt (est. 9%)United Kingdom67 kt (est. 7%)Brazil57 kt (est. 6%)Nigeria51 kt (est. 5%)Libya50 kt (est. 5%)Other crude origins205 kt (est. 20%)United Kingdom: no crude data80 kt (8%)Türkiye: no crude data20 kt (2%)Netherlands: crude origin not reported20 kt (2%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports19 kt (2%)Bulgaria: crude origin not reported14 kt (1%)Germany: crude origin not reported14 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported3.8 kt (<1%)Netherlands (own refineries)322 kt (31%)Belgium187 kt (18%)Germany134 kt (13%)Sweden95 kt (9%)United Kingdom80 kt (8%)Spain61 kt (6%)Portugal47 kt (5%)Italy39 kt (4%)Lithuania23 kt (2%)Türkiye20 kt (2%)Bulgaria16 kt (2%)Netherlands: petrol supply1.02 Mt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Netherlands (own refineries)
- Belgium
- Germany
- Sweden
- United Kingdom
- Spain
- Portugal
- Italy
- Other (3)
- Norway183 kt (est. 18%)
- United States144 kt (est. 14%)
- Kazakhstan95 kt (est. 9%)
- United Kingdom67 kt (est. 7%)
- Brazil57 kt (est. 6%)
- Nigeria51 kt (est. 5%)
- Libya50 kt (est. 5%)
- Other crude origins205 kt (est. 20%)
- United Kingdom: no crude data80 kt (8%)
- Türkiye: no crude data20 kt (2%)
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported20 kt (2%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports19 kt (2%)
- Bulgaria: crude origin not reported14 kt (1%)
- Germany: crude origin not reported14 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported3.8 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Netherlands (own refineries) | Netherlands: petrol supply | 321,653 | 31.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Belgium | Netherlands: petrol supply | 187,270 | 18.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Germany | Netherlands: petrol supply | 133,611 | 13.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Sweden | Netherlands: petrol supply | 94,901 | 9.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands: petrol supply | 79,568 | 7.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Spain | Netherlands: petrol supply | 60,668 | 5.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Portugal | Netherlands: petrol supply | 46,532 | 4.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Italy | Netherlands: petrol supply | 38,567 | 3.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Lithuania | Netherlands: petrol supply | 23,168 | 2.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Türkiye | Netherlands: petrol supply | 20,442 | 2.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Bulgaria | Netherlands: petrol supply | 16,215 | 1.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| United Kingdom: no crude data | United Kingdom | 79,568 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United States | Netherlands (own refineries) | 66,493 | 20.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands (own refineries) | 57,057 | 17.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Sweden | 52,521 | 55.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to Netherlands split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 50,672 | 27.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands (own refineries) | 47,129 | 14.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands (own refineries) | 41,895 | 13.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Belgium | 39,686 | 21.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands (own refineries) | 33,578 | 10.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium | 30,692 | 16.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Spain | 30,325 | 50.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Germany | 27,451 | 20.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 25,164 | 13.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Portugal | 22,048 | 47.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's petrol to Netherlands split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Germany | 21,951 | 16.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Portugal | 20,645 | 44.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's petrol to Netherlands split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Türkiye: no crude data | Türkiye | 20,442 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Netherlands: crude origin not reported | Netherlands (own refineries) | 20,382 | 6.3% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Brazil | Netherlands (own refineries) | 19,705 | 6.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands (own refineries) | 19,357 | 6.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Germany | 17,342 | 13.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Lithuania | 15,516 | 67.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Lithuania's petrol to Netherlands split by Lithuania's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany | 14,644 | 11.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Bulgaria: crude origin not reported | Bulgaria | 14,339 | 88.4% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Germany: crude origin not reported | Germany | 14,037 | 10.5% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United Kingdom | Germany | 14,036 | 10.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Italy | 13,945 | 36.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Netherlands split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Germany | 13,808 | 10.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Belgium | 13,585 | 7.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Sweden | 13,006 | 13.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to Netherlands split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Sweden | 12,613 | 13.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to Netherlands split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Netherlands (own refineries) | 11,776 | 3.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Belgium | 11,377 | 6.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Spain | 10,302 | 17.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Italy | 9,165 | 23.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Netherlands split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Belgium | 9,083 | 4.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Spain | 7,690 | 12.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Sweden | 5,946 | 6.3% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Nigeria | Germany | 5,591 | 4.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Italy | 5,190 | 13.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Netherlands split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Sweden | 4,949 | 5.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to Netherlands split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Spain | 4,801 | 7.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Lithuania | 4,749 | 20.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Lithuania's petrol to Netherlands split by Lithuania's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Spain | 4,633 | 7.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Netherlands (own refineries) | 4,283 | 1.3% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Germany | 4,261 | 3.2% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 3,768 | 2.0% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Brazil | Belgium | 3,242 | 1.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Lithuania | 2,845 | 12.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Lithuania's petrol to Netherlands split by Lithuania's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Sweden | 2,787 | 2.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to Netherlands split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Italy | 2,657 | 6.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Netherlands split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Italy | 2,512 | 6.5% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Kazakhstan | Spain | 2,439 | 4.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Portugal | 2,265 | 4.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's petrol to Netherlands split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Italy | 2,189 | 5.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Netherlands split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Bulgaria | 1,876 | 11.6% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Libya | Sweden | 1,712 | 1.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to Netherlands split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Portugal | 1,574 | 3.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's petrol to Netherlands split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Italy | 1,457 | 3.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Netherlands split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Sweden | 1,367 | 1.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to Netherlands split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Italy | 1,282 | 3.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Netherlands split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Germany | 491 | 0.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Spain | 261 | 0.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Spain | 217 | 0.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Italy | 169 | 0.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Netherlands split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Lithuania | 58 | 0.2% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
Source & method
Source Period 2025-03 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2025-03 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Netherlands’s supply of petrol in 2025-03, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2025-03 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2025-01 to 2025-03.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- United Kingdom: no crude data (79,568 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Türkiye: no crude data (20,442 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported (20,382 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (18,936 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Bulgaria: crude origin not reported (14,339 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Germany: crude origin not reported (14,037 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (3,768 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.