Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In April 2025, the Netherlands' road diesel supply was 1,678 kt: 55% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Belgium (32%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Norway (19%), the United States (18%) and Kazakhstan (14%), and 6% cannot be traced.
Country
Norway322 kt (est. 19%)United States300 kt (est. 18%)Kazakhstan229 kt (est. 14%)United Kingdom146 kt (est. 9%)Iraq98 kt (est. 6%)Nigeria96 kt (est. 6%)Libya80 kt (est. 5%)Other crude origins311 kt (est. 19%)Netherlands: crude origin not reported58 kt (3%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported18 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports11 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: no crude data9.1 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: no refinery0.1 kt (<1%)Netherlands (own refineries)931 kt (55%)Belgium539 kt (32%)Spain66 kt (4%)Sweden65 kt (4%)Germany64 kt (4%)United Kingdom8.9 kt (<1%)Denmark2.7 kt (<1%)France1.2 kt (<1%)Malaysia0.2 kt (<1%)Poland0.1 kt (<1%)Luxembourg0.1 kt (<1%)Netherlands: road diesel supply1.68 Mt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Netherlands (own refineries)
- Belgium
- Spain
- Sweden
- Germany
- United Kingdom
- Denmark
- France
- Other (3)
- Norway322 kt (est. 19%)
- United States300 kt (est. 18%)
- Kazakhstan229 kt (est. 14%)
- United Kingdom146 kt (est. 9%)
- Iraq98 kt (est. 6%)
- Nigeria96 kt (est. 6%)
- Libya80 kt (est. 5%)
- Other crude origins311 kt (est. 19%)
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported58 kt (3%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported18 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports11 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: no crude data9.1 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: no refinery0.1 kt (<1%)
Where the fuel was refined
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Netherlands (own refineries) | Netherlands: road diesel supply | 930,779 | 55.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Belgium | Netherlands: road diesel supply | 538,942 | 32.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Spain | Netherlands: road diesel supply | 66,017 | 3.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Sweden | Netherlands: road diesel supply | 65,317 | 3.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Germany | Netherlands: road diesel supply | 63,717 | 3.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands: road diesel supply | 8,892 | 0.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Denmark | Netherlands: road diesel supply | 2,702 | 0.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| United States | Netherlands (own refineries) | 189,141 | 20.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands (own refineries) | 164,078 | 17.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands (own refineries) | 141,936 | 15.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 129,610 | 24.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands (own refineries) | 124,279 | 13.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Belgium | 109,902 | 20.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands (own refineries) | 103,834 | 11.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium | 81,641 | 15.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 77,376 | 14.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Netherlands (own refineries) | 66,933 | 7.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Netherlands: crude origin not reported | Netherlands (own refineries) | 58,311 | 6.3% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Nigeria | Belgium | 44,309 | 8.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands (own refineries) | 43,378 | 4.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Spain | 39,084 | 59.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Netherlands (own refineries) | 38,887 | 4.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Sweden | 34,529 | 52.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Netherlands split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Belgium | 28,049 | 5.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Belgium | 25,471 | 4.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Belgium | 25,339 | 4.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Germany | 12,438 | 19.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Sweden | 11,120 | 17.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Netherlands split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 10,730 | 2.0% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United States | Germany | 9,441 | 14.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Sweden | 9,248 | 14.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Netherlands split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Spain | 9,111 | 13.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | United Kingdom | 8,892 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Libya | Germany | 7,289 | 11.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Germany | 6,930 | 10.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Germany | 6,837 | 10.7% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Other crude origins | Germany | 6,687 | 10.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Belgium | 6,516 | 1.2% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany | 6,451 | 10.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Sweden | 6,386 | 9.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Netherlands split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Spain | 6,071 | 9.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Spain | 5,153 | 7.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Spain | 3,325 | 5.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Spain | 2,971 | 4.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Germany | 2,881 | 4.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Germany | 2,596 | 4.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Sweden | 2,514 | 3.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Netherlands split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Germany | 2,167 | 3.4% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Sweden | 1,520 | 2.3% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| United States | Denmark | 978 | 36.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Denmark's road diesel to Netherlands split by Denmark's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Denmark | 731 | 27.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Denmark's road diesel to Netherlands split by Denmark's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Denmark | 664 | 24.6% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| United Kingdom | Spain | 302 | 0.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | France | 239 | 20.4% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | France | 214 | 18.3% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | Malaysia | 208 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Kazakhstan | France | 182 | 15.5% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Denmark | 179 | 6.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Denmark's road diesel to Netherlands split by Denmark's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | France | 149 | 12.7% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Denmark | 149 | 5.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Denmark's road diesel to Netherlands split by Denmark's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | France | 129 | 11.1% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | France | 114 | 9.8% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Iraq | France | 77 | 6.6% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | France | 67 | 5.7% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no refinery | Luxembourg | 60 | 100.0% | UnknownThe supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only. |
| Other crude origins | Poland | 37 | 45.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Poland's road diesel to Netherlands split by Poland's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Poland | 27 | 33.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Poland's road diesel to Netherlands split by Poland's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Poland | 5 | 6.1% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Poland | 5 | 6.0% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United Kingdom | Poland | 3 | 3.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Poland's road diesel to Netherlands split by Poland's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Poland | 2 | 3.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Poland's road diesel to Netherlands split by Poland's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Poland | 2 | 2.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Poland's road diesel to Netherlands split by Poland's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
5 flows with a share under 0.1% are not listed here. They are still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2025-04 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2025-04 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the countries whose refineries made it. Right: Netherlands’s supply of road diesel in 2025-04, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2025-04 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2025-02 to 2025-04.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported (58,311 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (17,574 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (10,986 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: no crude data (9,100 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: no refinery (60 t): The supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only; fuel re-exported through a supplier is not followed further.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.