Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In May 2025, the Netherlands' road diesel supply was 1,627 kt: 61% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Belgium (21%) and Germany (11%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Norway (19%), the United States (19%) and Kazakhstan (14%), and 6% cannot be traced.
Country
Norway310 kt (est. 19%)United States308 kt (est. 19%)Kazakhstan231 kt (est. 14%)United Kingdom148 kt (est. 9%)Iraq99 kt (est. 6%)Canada98 kt (est. 6%)Libya69 kt (est. 4%)Other crude origins266 kt (est. 16%)Netherlands: crude origin not reported60 kt (4%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported18 kt (1%)Smaller flows: no crude data14 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports6.8 kt (<1%)Netherlands (own refineries)994 kt (61%)Belgium334 kt (21%)Germany185 kt (11%)Spain33 kt (2%)Ireland32 kt (2%)Denmark22 kt (1%)Sweden13 kt (<1%)United Kingdom9.1 kt (<1%)Norway4.7 kt (<1%)France0.9 kt (<1%)Poland0.1 kt (<1%)Netherlands: road diesel supply1.63 Mt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Netherlands (own refineries)
- Belgium
- Germany
- Spain
- Ireland
- Denmark
- Sweden
- United Kingdom
- Other (3)
- Norway310 kt (est. 19%)
- United States308 kt (est. 19%)
- Kazakhstan231 kt (est. 14%)
- United Kingdom148 kt (est. 9%)
- Iraq99 kt (est. 6%)
- Canada98 kt (est. 6%)
- Libya69 kt (est. 4%)
- Other crude origins266 kt (est. 16%)
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported60 kt (4%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported18 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: no crude data14 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports6.8 kt (<1%)
Where the fuel was refined
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Netherlands (own refineries) | Netherlands: road diesel supply | 993,710 | 61.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Belgium | Netherlands: road diesel supply | 333,516 | 20.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Germany | Netherlands: road diesel supply | 184,720 | 11.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Spain | Netherlands: road diesel supply | 32,991 | 2.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Ireland | Netherlands: road diesel supply | 32,281 | 2.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Denmark | Netherlands: road diesel supply | 22,044 | 1.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Sweden | Netherlands: road diesel supply | 12,638 | 0.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands: road diesel supply | 9,096 | 0.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Norway | Netherlands: road diesel supply | 4,741 | 0.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| United States | Netherlands (own refineries) | 196,530 | 19.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands (own refineries) | 188,973 | 19.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands (own refineries) | 151,131 | 15.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands (own refineries) | 116,661 | 11.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands (own refineries) | 112,549 | 11.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 85,226 | 25.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Netherlands (own refineries) | 80,329 | 8.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Belgium | 77,561 | 23.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Canada | Netherlands (own refineries) | 65,536 | 6.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Netherlands: crude origin not reported | Netherlands (own refineries) | 59,627 | 6.0% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 55,235 | 16.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium | 54,297 | 16.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Germany | 30,454 | 16.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Germany | 26,764 | 14.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Germany | 26,495 | 14.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Germany | 26,146 | 14.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Canada | Belgium | 23,987 | 7.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany | 22,717 | 12.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Netherlands (own refineries) | 22,375 | 2.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Spain | 20,153 | 61.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Germany | 19,892 | 10.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Belgium | 16,284 | 4.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Ireland | 15,085 | 46.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Ireland's road diesel to Netherlands split by Ireland's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Germany | 15,001 | 8.1% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United States | Ireland | 14,679 | 45.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Ireland's road diesel to Netherlands split by Ireland's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Belgium | 11,958 | 3.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Germany | 11,431 | 6.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Denmark | 9,685 | 43.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Denmark's road diesel to Netherlands split by Denmark's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | United Kingdom | 9,096 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Norway | Denmark | 6,707 | 30.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Denmark's road diesel to Netherlands split by Denmark's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Sweden | 6,597 | 52.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Netherlands split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Belgium | 6,034 | 1.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Canada | Germany | 5,821 | 3.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | Norway | 4,741 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United States | Spain | 4,367 | 13.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Denmark | 4,256 | 19.3% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Libya | Spain | 3,259 | 9.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 2,935 | 0.9% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Ireland | 2,517 | 7.8% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Other crude origins | Sweden | 2,354 | 18.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Netherlands split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Canada | Spain | 2,282 | 6.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Spain | 1,862 | 5.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Sweden | 1,833 | 14.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Netherlands split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Sweden | 1,630 | 12.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Netherlands split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Denmark | 1,397 | 6.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Denmark's road diesel to Netherlands split by Denmark's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Spain | 914 | 2.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | France | 350 | 37.0% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Sweden | 224 | 1.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Netherlands split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | France | 190 | 20.1% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Spain | 154 | 0.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | France | 150 | 15.9% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | France | 135 | 14.3% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | France | 59 | 6.2% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | France | 42 | 4.4% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Poland | 26 | 46.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Poland's road diesel to Netherlands split by Poland's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Poland | 21 | 38.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Poland's road diesel to Netherlands split by Poland's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | France | 17 | 1.8% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Poland | 4 | 7.7% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United Kingdom | Poland | 4 | 7.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Poland's road diesel to Netherlands split by Poland's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | France | 4 | 0.4% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Poland | 0 | 0.3% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
2 flows with a share under 0.1% are not listed here. They are still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2025-05 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2025-05 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the countries whose refineries made it. Right: Netherlands’s supply of road diesel in 2025-05, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2025-05 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2025-03 to 2025-05.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported (59,627 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (17,943 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: no crude data (13,837 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (6,790 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only; fuel re-exported through a supplier is not followed further.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.