Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In May 2025, the Netherlands' jet fuel supply was 881 kt: 59% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Kuwait (18%), the South Korea (7%) and the United Arab Emirates (6%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the United States (12%), Norway (12%) and Kazakhstan (10%), and 40% cannot be traced.
Country
United States110 kt (est. 12%)Norway108 kt (est. 12%)Kazakhstan85 kt (est. 10%)United Kingdom63 kt (est. 7%)Iraq44 kt (est. 5%)Canada36 kt (est. 4%)Brazil30 kt (est. 3%)Other crude origins56 kt (est. 6%)Kuwait: no crude data163 kt (18%)South Korea: no crude data57 kt (7%)United Arab Emirates: no crude data53 kt (6%)Oman: no crude data40 kt (5%)Netherlands: crude origin not reported31 kt (4%)Smaller flows: no crude data3.3 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported2.3 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.1 kt (<1%)Netherlands (own refineries)521 kt (59%)Kuwait163 kt (18%)South Korea57 kt (7%)United Arab Emirates53 kt (6%)Oman40 kt (5%)Germany26 kt (3%)Belgium13 kt (2%)Sweden3.6 kt (<1%)United Kingdom3.2 kt (<1%)Ireland0.7 kt (<1%)Japanless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Netherlands: jet fuel supply881 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Netherlands (own refineries)
- Kuwait
- South Korea
- United Arab Emirates
- Oman
- Germany
- Belgium
- Sweden
- Other (3)
- United States110 kt (est. 12%)
- Norway108 kt (est. 12%)
- Kazakhstan85 kt (est. 10%)
- United Kingdom63 kt (est. 7%)
- Iraq44 kt (est. 5%)
- Canada36 kt (est. 4%)
- Brazil30 kt (est. 3%)
- Other crude origins56 kt (est. 6%)
- Kuwait: no crude data163 kt (18%)
- South Korea: no crude data57 kt (7%)
- United Arab Emirates: no crude data53 kt (6%)
- Oman: no crude data40 kt (5%)
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported31 kt (4%)
- Smaller flows: no crude data3.3 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported2.3 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.1 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Netherlands (own refineries) | Netherlands: jet fuel supply | 521,267 | 59.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Kuwait | Netherlands: jet fuel supply | 162,843 | 18.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| South Korea | Netherlands: jet fuel supply | 57,288 | 6.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| United Arab Emirates | Netherlands: jet fuel supply | 52,588 | 6.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Oman | Netherlands: jet fuel supply | 39,775 | 4.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Germany | Netherlands: jet fuel supply | 26,335 | 3.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Belgium | Netherlands: jet fuel supply | 13,293 | 1.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Sweden | Netherlands: jet fuel supply | 3,559 | 0.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands: jet fuel supply | 3,249 | 0.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kuwait: no crude data | Kuwait | 162,843 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United States | Netherlands (own refineries) | 103,093 | 19.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands (own refineries) | 99,129 | 19.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands (own refineries) | 79,278 | 15.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands (own refineries) | 59,040 | 11.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| South Korea: no crude data | South Korea | 57,288 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United Arab Emirates: no crude data | United Arab Emirates | 52,588 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands (own refineries) | 43,229 | 8.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Netherlands (own refineries) | 42,138 | 8.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Oman: no crude data | Oman | 39,775 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Canada | Netherlands (own refineries) | 34,378 | 6.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Netherlands: crude origin not reported | Netherlands (own refineries) | 31,278 | 6.0% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Brazil | Netherlands (own refineries) | 29,704 | 5.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Germany | 7,496 | 28.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Germany | 4,342 | 16.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 3,935 | 29.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Germany | 3,777 | 14.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | United Kingdom | 3,249 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany | 3,239 | 12.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Belgium | 3,091 | 23.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Germany | 2,836 | 10.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 2,202 | 16.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium | 2,164 | 16.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Germany | 2,139 | 8.1% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Norway | Sweden | 1,858 | 52.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Germany | 1,630 | 6.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Canada | Belgium | 956 | 7.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Canada | Germany | 830 | 3.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Sweden | 676 | 19.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Sweden | 516 | 14.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Belgium | 477 | 3.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Sweden | 459 | 12.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Ireland | 326 | 46.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Ireland's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Ireland's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Ireland | 317 | 45.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Ireland's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Ireland's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Belgium | 240 | 1.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 117 | 0.9% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Brazil | Belgium | 111 | 0.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Ireland | 54 | 7.8% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Brazil | Sweden | 50 | 1.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Germany | 47 | 0.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's jet fuel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | Japan | 24 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
2 flows with a share under 0.1% are not listed here. They are still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2025-05 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2025-05 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Netherlands’s supply of jet fuel in 2025-05, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2025-05 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2025-03 to 2025-05.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Kuwait: no crude data (162,843 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- South Korea: no crude data (57,288 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- United Arab Emirates: no crude data (52,588 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Oman: no crude data (39,775 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported (31,278 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: no crude data (3,273 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (2,256 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (54 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.