Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In May 2025, the Netherlands' petrol supply was 887 kt: 27% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from the United Kingdom (13%), Belgium (11%) and Germany (11%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Norway (19%), the United States (12%) and Kazakhstan (8%), and 27% cannot be traced.
Country
Norway164 kt (est. 19%)United States108 kt (est. 12%)Kazakhstan70 kt (est. 8%)United Kingdom52 kt (est. 6%)Brazil40 kt (est. 5%)Libya34 kt (est. 4%)Nigeria32 kt (est. 4%)Other crude origins143 kt (est. 16%)United Kingdom: no crude data111 kt (13%)Algeria: no crude data68 kt (8%)Türkiye: no crude data40 kt (5%)Netherlands: crude origin not reported14 kt (2%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported8.6 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.4 kt (<1%)Netherlands (own refineries)237 kt (27%)United Kingdom111 kt (13%)Belgium99 kt (11%)Germany94 kt (11%)Sweden74 kt (8%)Algeria68 kt (8%)Spain59 kt (7%)Finland51 kt (6%)Türkiye40 kt (5%)Portugal32 kt (4%)France21 kt (2%)Netherlands: petrol supply887 kt (100%)
Tap a country to follow its flows. Tap it again, or use the close button, to clear.
Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Netherlands (own refineries)
- United Kingdom
- Belgium
- Germany
- Sweden
- Algeria
- Spain
- Finland
- Other (3)
- Norway164 kt (est. 19%)
- United States108 kt (est. 12%)
- Kazakhstan70 kt (est. 8%)
- United Kingdom52 kt (est. 6%)
- Brazil40 kt (est. 5%)
- Libya34 kt (est. 4%)
- Nigeria32 kt (est. 4%)
- Other crude origins143 kt (est. 16%)
- United Kingdom: no crude data111 kt (13%)
- Algeria: no crude data68 kt (8%)
- Türkiye: no crude data40 kt (5%)
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported14 kt (2%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported8.6 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.4 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Dashed: estimated from published euro value
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Dashed: estimated from published euro value
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Netherlands (own refineries) | Netherlands: petrol supply | 236,556 | 26.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands: petrol supply | 110,906 | 12.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Belgium | Netherlands: petrol supply | 98,522 | 11.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Germany | Netherlands: petrol supply | 94,329 | 10.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Sweden | Netherlands: petrol supply | 74,351 | 8.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Algeria | Netherlands: petrol supply | 68,317 | 7.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Spain | Netherlands: petrol supply | 59,474 | 6.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Finland | Netherlands: petrol supply | 50,731 | 5.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Türkiye | Netherlands: petrol supply | 40,173 | 4.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Portugal | Netherlands: petrol supply | 32,273 | 3.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| France | Netherlands: petrol supply | 20,903 | 2.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| United Kingdom: no crude data | United Kingdom | 110,906 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Algeria: no crude data | Algeria | 68,317 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United States | Netherlands (own refineries) | 46,785 | 19.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands (own refineries) | 44,986 | 19.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands (own refineries) | 42,365 | 17.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Finland | 40,898 | 80.6% | EstimatedPartly estimated from published euro value. Estimate: Finland's petrol to Netherlands split by Finland's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Finland did not publish its crude imports for part of that window; those months use crude imports estimated from the euro values it did publish (customs basis). |
| Türkiye: no crude data | Türkiye | 40,173 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Norway | Sweden | 38,809 | 52.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to Netherlands split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands (own refineries) | 35,977 | 15.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Spain | 27,943 | 47.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands (own refineries) | 26,793 | 11.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 26,014 | 26.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Belgium | 22,912 | 23.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Germany | 18,552 | 19.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 16,317 | 16.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium | 16,040 | 16.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Germany | 15,551 | 16.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Portugal | 14,715 | 45.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's petrol to Netherlands split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Netherlands: crude origin not reported | Netherlands (own refineries) | 14,194 | 6.0% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Libya | Germany | 13,667 | 14.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Germany | 13,530 | 14.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Netherlands (own refineries) | 13,480 | 5.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany | 11,601 | 12.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Portugal | 10,901 | 33.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's petrol to Netherlands split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Sweden | 10,783 | 14.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to Netherlands split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Sweden | 10,636 | 14.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to Netherlands split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Germany | 10,158 | 10.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Sweden | 9,592 | 12.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to Netherlands split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Spain | 9,406 | 15.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Finland | 8,045 | 15.9% | EstimatedPartly estimated from published euro value. Estimate: Finland's petrol to Netherlands split by Finland's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Finland did not publish its crude imports for part of that window; those months use crude imports estimated from the euro values it did publish (customs basis). |
| United States | Spain | 7,872 | 13.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Germany | 7,660 | 8.1% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Nigeria | Belgium | 7,205 | 7.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands (own refineries) | 6,650 | 2.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Spain | 5,876 | 9.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Netherlands (own refineries) | 5,326 | 2.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | France | 4,905 | 23.5% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Belgium | 4,810 | 4.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Spain | 4,743 | 8.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Portugal | 4,516 | 14.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's petrol to Netherlands split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | France | 4,193 | 20.1% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Belgium | 3,532 | 3.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Germany | 3,442 | 3.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Spain | 3,357 | 5.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | France | 3,314 | 15.9% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | France | 2,986 | 14.3% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | France | 2,963 | 14.2% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Sweden | 2,168 | 2.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to Netherlands split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Portugal | 2,141 | 6.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's petrol to Netherlands split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Finland | 1,788 | 3.5% | EstimatedPartly estimated from published euro value. Estimate: Finland's petrol to Netherlands split by Finland's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Finland did not publish its crude imports for part of that window; those months use crude imports estimated from the euro values it did publish (customs basis). |
| Libya | Sweden | 1,316 | 1.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to Netherlands split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | France | 1,294 | 6.2% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Sweden | 1,048 | 1.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to Netherlands split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 867 | 0.9% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Brazil | Belgium | 825 | 0.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | France | 789 | 3.8% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Netherlands split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | France | 378 | 1.8% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| United Kingdom | Spain | 277 | 0.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Germany | 167 | 0.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | France | 81 | 0.4% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
Source & method
Source Period 2025-05 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2025-05 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Netherlands’s supply of petrol in 2025-05, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Dashed crude links rest partly on crude imports estimated from published euro values: a supplier did not publish its crude imports for some months of the window (docs/METHODOLOGY.md section 6.1). Customs basis, INFERRED. Method
Month: 2025-05 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2025-03 to 2025-05.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- United Kingdom: no crude data (110,906 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Algeria: no crude data (68,317 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Türkiye: no crude data (40,173 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported (14,194 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (8,608 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (378 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.